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- Interfakultäres Institut für Genetik und Funktionelle Genomforschung (UMG) (3) (remove)
In summary, the transcriptome data demonstrated that acute RAP for 7h induces significant changes in the expression of several left atrial genes, including those reflecting ANG II-mediated oxidative stress, tissue remodeling, and energy depletion. Furthermore, the results from the dronedarone study demonstrated that this drug is capable of attenuating most of RAP-induced changes in oxidative stress-related gene expression. Accordingly, the haemodynamic parameters also showed that dronedarone reduced RAP-induced microvascular flow abnormalities. This view is supported by the observation that in the used porcine model of acute AF, dronedarone decreased RAP-dependent PKC phosphorylation, NADPH isoform expression, F2-isoprostane release and IκBα phosphorylation. Additionally, the results of the irbesartan study indicate that ET-1 contributes to AF-dependent atrial fibrosis by synergistic activity with ANG-II to stimulate SGK1 expression and enhance phosphorylation of the SGK1 protein which, in turn, induces CTGF. The latter has been consistently associated with tissue fibrosis. In support of this view, in vitro analyses using HL-1 cells verified CTGF induction after short episodes of RAP and additionally in response to exogenous addition of ET-1. Accordingly, irbesartan was shown to attenuate most of the RAP-dependent changes in atrial or ventricular gene expression.
The soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis is capable of surviving most of the ensuing environmental stress conditions. The dynamic nature of the soil habitat is manifested with varying amounts of nutrients, frequent flooding, drying and variation of other growth parameters like temperature, acidity, aeration etc. In order to survive in these conditions, B. subtilis has evolved to employ very complex adaptational responses. These adaptational responses are often multi-faceted; hence comprehensive understanding of the adaptational responses requires generation and integration of data on multi-omics level. Hence, multi-omics based detailed analysis was performed for the molecules involved in the central carbon metabolism (CCM) and proline biosynthesis pathway. In the current study two major stress conditions were extensively investigated: 1) energy limitation/starvation which is achieved by limiting glucose in the growth medium, 2) osmostress resulting from frequent drying out of soil which is simulated by adding 1.2 M NaCl to the growth medium. In addition to osmostress, the naturally available osmoprotectant glycine betaine (GB) was supplemented to understand the simultaneous influence of osmostress and osmoprotection on cellular physiology. To measure absolute protein abundances by mass spectrometry, a targeted approach (SRM –single reaction monitoring) using stable heavy isotope labeled artificial standard proteins known as QconCATs was optimized and implemented in the current study. The SRM technique in combination with QconCAT provided absolute quantitative data with high dynamic range for the 45 targeted CCM proteins. Transcriptome data was obtained from microarray analysis. The resulting data were integrated with the other omics data sets obtained by metabolome and flux analysis. As part of a joint study conducted by the BaCell-SysMO and BaSysBio consortia which aimed for the genome wide mapping of transcription units and previously unannotated RNAs of B. subtilis by means of tiling array hybridizations, mRNA samples from growth at high and low temperatures (51°C and 16°C) and in the presence of 1.2 M NaCl, shake flask experiments during transition from exponential growth to the stationary phase, and high density batch fermentation. Time course analysis of B. subtilis transitioning from exponential to stationary phase was investigated by high cell density fed-batch fermentation (glucose limitation) and batch fermentation (glucose exhaustion) with glucose as a limiting factor. A multi-omics analysis of the CCM for the batch fermentation was performed and the time course data was integrated and visualized. In conclusion, pathway based multi-omics data were generated, integrated and visualized as a prerequisite for systems biology approaches and for a better understanding of the complex adaptational responses of B. subtilis.
Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal that colonizes the skin and mucosa of 20-30% of the human population without leading to symptoms of diseases. However, it is also the most important cause of nosocomial infections. Those range from minor skin infections to life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia, endocarditis or septicaemia. Development of strains with resistance against many antibiotics complicates the situation further. The variety of strains with their various properties is one reason why no successful vaccine has been introduced to the market, yet. Therefore, efficient strategies for prevention and therapy of these dangerous infections are urgently needed. To accomplish these goals, the understanding of molecular interactions between host and pathogen is indispensable. Within this dissertation, several internalization experiments were performed aiming to investigate the interaction of S. aureus HG001 and human cell lines upon infection on the protein level. In order to obtain sufficient amounts of proteins for comprehensive physiological interpretations, it is necessary to enrich bacteria, secreted bacterial proteins or infected host cells upon internalization. In the framework of this thesis, bacteria which continuously produce green fluorescent protein (GFP) were employed. With that it was possible to sort bacteria from lysed host cells by flow cytometry or to separate host cells carrying bacteria after contact from those which did not. Subsequently, the proteins were proteolytically digested and peptides were analyzed by mass spectrometry in a gel-free proteomics approach. To allow such analyses also for staphylococci which do not produce GFP, such as clinical isolates, an additional protocol was developed. Prior to the infection, bacteria were labeled with fluorescent or para-magnetic nanoparticles. Afterwards bacteria could be separated from host cell debris by fluorescence-based cell sorting or with the help of a strong magnet. In order to cover also important secreted virulence factors of S. aureus HG001, phagosomes and engulfed bacteria and secreted proteins were isolated from infected host cells. Further steps of protocol optimization included improved bacterial cell counting by fluorescence-based flow cytometry, enhanced data analysis by combination of different search algorithms, and comprehensive functional annotation of proteins of the applied strain by sequence comparison with other strains and organisms. First, the proteome adaptation of internalized S. aureus HG001 and the infected A549 host cells was investigated during the first hours of infection. It became clear, that the bacteria replicate inside the host during the first 6.5 h. After internalization the levels of bacterial enzymes involved in protein biosynthesis decreased. Furthermore, bacteria adapted their proteome to the harsh intracellular conditions such as oxygen limitation, cell wall stress, host defense in terms of oxidative stress, and nutrient limitation. After contact to S. aureus HG001, A549 cells produced increased amounts of cytokines (e.g. IL-8, IFN-γ) in comparison to non-treated A549 cells. In addition, activation of the immunoproteasome and hints of early apoptosis activity were observed. Afterwards, the response of S. aureus HG001 to internalization by A549, S9 or HEK 293 cells was compared on the proteome level. It was obvious, that the adaptation to stress and the reduced protein synthesis are conserved mechanisms. Host dependent differences were detected especially in the energy metabolism and the synthesis of some amino acids. Additionally, bacteria showed different intracellular replication patterns depending on the host cell line. A higher percentage of extracellular bacterial proteins was found in isolated phagosomes compared to the sorted samples. Selected low abundant virulence factors could be quantified at two points in time after infection with the help of the sensitive single reaction monitoring (SRM) method. Further, a heterogeneous mixture of several phagosomal maturation steps was present during the first 6.5 h after infection. Finally, the gel-free proteome analyses could be applied to investigate Bordetella pertussis, the cause of whooping cough, during iron limitation and after internalization, and the results were compared to the S. aureus HG001 data.