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Background: Newborns are prone to infections, which are independent predictors of neonatal mortality and morbidity. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are structures composed of chromatin and antimicrobial molecules that capture and kill pathogens. NETs may play an important role in the innate immune system and, thus, might be associated with impaired neonatal immune function. Objectives: This study aimed to compare NET formation between term neonates and healthy adults. We additionally investigated the effects of gestational age, birth weight, mode of delivery, gender, and perinatal infections. Methods: We collected cord blood from 57 term infants (mean gestational age, 39.1 weeks) and 9 late preterm infants (35 weeks), and peripheral blood from 18 healthy adult donors. Neutrophils were isolated, and then NET formation was induced using three different stimulants: N-formylmethionine-leucyl-phenylalanine, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), or lipopolysaccharide. NETs were immunohistochemically stained and analyzed with regard to NET percentage and NET area. Results: With all three stimuli, healthy term infants showed a lower NET percentage than the adult control group (p < 0.0001 each). The groups also differed in NET area, but the significance level was lower. Following PMA stimulation, we observed greater reductions in NET percentage and NET area in preterm than term infants. Conclusions: The lower NET formation observed in term infants compared to adults likely contributes to the reduced neonatal immune response. NET formation appeared to be even further decreased in late preterm neonates. There remains a need for further investigations of NET formation in more immature preterm infants.
Background: Stereotactic electroencephalography (SEEG) is an invasive diagnostic tool for localizing the epileptic zone in patients with medically refractory focal epilepsy. Despite technical and imaging advances in guiding the electrode placement, vascular injury is still one of its most serious complications. Object: To investigate the usefulness of intraoperative cerebral C-arm CT angiogram (CCTA) in avoiding intracranial hemorrhagic complications during SEEG electrode implantation. Methods: Trajectory data from 12 patients who underwent SEEG electrode implantation were studied in detail. This included an analysis of the implantation of 146 SEEG electrodes, which were guided by intraoperative CCTA, as well as the standard planning based on preoperative contrast-enhanced MRI. In addition, a prospective analysis of SEEG hemorrhagic complications using the studied methodology was performed in a total of 87 patients receiving 1,310 electrodes. Results: There was no complication related to the CCTA itself. Intraoperative CCTA entailed modification of the original trajectory based on the preoperative MRI in 27 of 146 electrode implantations (18.5%). In 10 of them, a severe vascular complication was adverted by intraoperative CCTA. The safety of this new approach was also confirmed by the analysis of postinterventional CT, which revealed a symptomatic hematoma caused by 1 single electrode out of the 1,310 implanted. Conclusions: This study showed that intraoperative CCTA in addition to preoperative MRI is useful in guiding a safer SEEG electrode implantation. The combination of both imaging modalities essentially minimizes the risk of serious hemorrhagic complications.
Connectivity-Based Predictions of Hand Motor Outcome for Patients at the Subacute Stage After Stroke
(2016)
Background: Connectivity-based predictions of hand motor outcome have been proposed to be useful in stroke patients. We intended to assess the prognostic value of different imaging methods on short-term (3 months) and long-term (6 months) motor outcome after stroke.
Methods: We measured resting state functional connectivity (rsFC), diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and grip strength in 19 stroke patients within the first days (5–9 days) after stroke. Outcome measurements for short-term (3 months) and long-term (6 months) motor function was assessed by the Motricity Index (MI) of the upper limb and the box and block test (BB). Patients were predominantly mildly affected since signed consent was necessary at inclusion. We performed a multiple stepwise regression analysis to compare the predictive value of rsFC, DWI and clinical measurements.
Results: Patients showed relevant improvement in both motor outcome tests. As expected grip strength at inclusion was a predictor for short- and long-term motor outcome as assessed by MI. Diffusion-based tract volume (DTV) of the tracts between ipsilesional primary motor cortex and contralesional anterior cerebellar hemisphere showed a strong trend (p = 0.05) for a predictive power for long-term motor outcome as measured by MI. DTV of the interhemispheric tracts between both primary motor cortices was predictive for both short- and long-term motor outcome in BB. rsFC was not associated with motor outcome.
Conclusions: Grip strength is a good predictor of hand motor outcome concerning strength-related measurements (MI) for mildly affected subacute patients. Therefore additional connectivity measurements seem to be redundant in this group. Using more complex movement recruiting bilateral motor areas as an outcome parameter, DTV and in particular interhemispheric pathways might enhance predictive value of hand motor outcome.