Refine
Year of publication
- 2022 (2) (remove)
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (2)
Has Fulltext
- yes (2)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (2)
Keywords
- Alter (2) (remove)
Institute
In Zeiten des demographischen Wandels liegt mit dieser Arbeit eine weitere Analyse im Bereich der gerontologischen Forschung zum erfolgreichen Altern vor. Mit dem Hintergrund des salutogenetischen Modells wurde das körperliche Wohlbefinden in den Fokus der Analyse gestellt. Die Studienteilnehmer*innen waren Teil der Greifswalder Altersstudie „Gesund und bewegt ins Alter“ aus dem Jahr 2006. Die Proband*innen wurden über lokale Medien und Flyer rekrutiert. Insgesamt nahmen 387 Personen im Alter von 57 bis 96 Jahren an der Studie teil.
Die Prüfung der Dimensionalität des Fragebogens zur Erfassung körperlichen Wohlbefindens (FEW-16) ergab mittels explorativer Faktorenanalyse eine Extraktion von drei Faktoren, die 72 Prozent der Gesamtvarianz erklärten. Unter der Vorgabe von vier Faktoren zeigte sich mithilfe der konfirmatorischen Faktorenanalyse eine erklärte Gesamtvarianz von 78 Prozent. Weiterhin war das körperliche Wohlbefinden in der Greifswalder Altersstudie geschlechtsunabhängig und altersabhängig mit geringeren Werten im vierten Lebensalter.
Es erfolgte zudem die empirische Prüfung der Zusammenhänge zwischen körperlichem Wohlbefinden, Kohärenzgefühl und ausgewählten Widerstandsressourcen. Zwischen dem körperlichen Wohlbefinden und dem Kohärenzgefühl konnte ein positiver Zusammenhang nachgewiesen werden. Sowohl das Kohärenzgefühl als auch das körperliche Wohlbefinden zeigten sich ressourcenabhängig. Die Widerstandsressourcen erklärten jeweils 48 Prozent des Kohärenzgefühls und des körperlichen Wohlbefindens. Die allgemeine Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung, das Selbstwertgefühl, die Alltagsaktivitäten, die erwartete soziale Unterstützung, die internale sowie die sozial externale Kontrollüberzeugung zu Krankheit und Gesundheit stellten sich als wichtige Ressourcen heraus. Das Kohärenzgefühl erklärte unter Kontrolle der Ressourcen eine zusätzliche Varianz von fünf Prozent am körperlichen Wohlbefinden. Die Mediatorfunktion des Kohärenzgefühls zwischen den Widerstandsressourcen und dem körperlichem Wohlbefinden konnte ebenso belegt werden. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die Relevanz des Kohärenzgefühls und verdeutlichen die Notwendigkeit der Förderung des Kohärenzgefühls im Alter mit Hinblick auf das körperliche Wohlbefinden.
Background: A large body of research indicates that the cognitions individuals have
about their own age and aging, so called self-perceptions of aging (SPA), predict health and
wellbeing in later life. However, much less is known about associations of SPA with
developmental correlates such as personality. Some initial studies have found cross-sectional
and longitudinal associations of the Big Five traits (openness to experience,
conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) with SPA. Building on these
findings, this thesis aimed at advancing knowledge on associations of personality with SPA.
To this end, cross-sectional associations of the meta-traits of agency, i.e., a focus on the self,
and communion, i.e., a focus on others, with SPA were examined in study 1, and longitudinal
associations of agentic and communal personal values with SPA were examined in study 2.
Study 3 aimed at expanding findings of previous studies on associations of SPA with selfreported
physical function to an objective indicator of physical function, namely, gait pattern.
In all studies, SPA were treated as a multidimensional construct comprising gains and losses.
Methods: Study 1 was based on data of 154 adults aged 75 and older that were
recruited in hospital. Data was collected one month after recruitment. In regression analyses,
associations of agentic and communal traits with SPA beyond health were examined. Study 2
was based on data of 6,089 adults aged 40 and older enrolled in the German Ageing Survey
(DEAS). Multiple regression analyses were used to test whether personal value priority
predicted change in SPA over three years beyond age stereotypes. For study 3, latent profile
analysis was employed to detect gait patterns based on data of 150 adults aged 70 and older
collected via an automated walkway at participants’ regular speed and individual maximum
speed. In a next step, associations of SPA with gait patterns beyond personality traits were
investigated in binary logistic regressions.
Results: Agentic and communal personality traits were associated with gain-, but not
loss-related SPA when controlling for health (study 1). In study 2, the value priority of
openness to change (self-direction, stimulation) predicted more gain-related SPA three years
later, while the value priority of conservation (tradition, security) was negatively associated
with gain-related SPA. The value priority of self-enhancement (achievement, power) was
associated with more loss-related SPA three years later. Finally, the value priority of selftranscendence
(universalism, benevolence), i.e. a concern for the well-being of others, was
associated with more gain- and less loss-related SPA at follow-up. In study 3, latent profile
analyses distinguished two groups with different gait patterns in both gait speed conditions.
One group exhibited a slower and less well-coordinated gait pattern, which reflected
functional limitations. The other group exhibited a faster and well-coordinated gait pattern,
which reflected better physical function. More loss-, but not gain-related SPA were associated
with higher likelihood to exhibit a functionally limited gait pattern at regular speed.
Conversely, gain- but not loss-related SPA were associated with higher likelihood to exhibit a
fit gait pattern at individual maximum speed.
Conclusion: Results of this thesis have three main implications for research on SPA.
First, agency and communion may constitute useful dimensions for further investigating SPA
domains, as both were associated with SPA in study 1. Second, findings of study 2 point to
the role of motivation for SPA that needs to be further explored. Third, findings of study 3
indicate that SPA are not only associated with self-reported, but also objectively measured
physical function, which stresses the importance of SPA for health in later life. As a practical
implication, the findings presented here suggest that interventions on SPA should consider
participants’ personality, both on the level of traits and values.