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Ziel der Arbeit war es die Bedeutung des Übergewichts und der Adipositas für die Entstehung von Parodontalerkrankungen unter Berücksichtigung bekannter Risikofaktoren abzuschätzen. Im Rahmen einer bevölkerungsrepräsentativen, randomisierten Querschnittsstudie (SHIP-0) in Nord- und Ostvorpommern wurden 4310 Männer und Frauen im Alter von 20 bis 79 Jahren untersucht. Das Körpergewicht, die Körpergröße, der Taillen- und Hüftumfang, die Entzündungsparameter high-sensitive-CRP, Fibrinogen-Cl und Leukozytenzahl sowie der Plaque- und Blutungsindex, die Taschentiefe, der Attachmenverlust und die Zahnzahl wurden erhoben. Unter Berücksichtigung des Alters und Geschlechts wurden anhand der anthropometrischen Parameter spezifischer BMI- und WHR-Quartile gebildet, welche zur Charakterisierung der Konstitution dienten. Die Ergebnisse zeigten eine signifikante Abbhängigkeit der Parodontitisparameter Plaque- , Blutungs-Index, Taschentiefe, Attachmenverlust und Zahnzahl von den Konstitutionsparametern. Ein Anstieg des Parodontitisrisikos vom 1. zum 4. spezifischen BMI- bzw. WHR-Quartil in Form einer Dosis-Wirkungsbeziehung konnte nachgewiesen werden. Das höchste Parodontitisrisiko besaßen adipöse Probanden. Die höchsten Entzündungsmarker wiesen adipöse, parodontal erkrankte SHIP-Teilnehmer auf. Erhöhte Spiegel von Entzündungsmarkern korrelierten mit vergrößerten Attachmentverlusten. Entzündungsmarker modifizieren die Beziehung zwischen der Konstitution und dem Parodontitisrisiko. Die parodontale Destruktion wird vermutlich durch eine subklinische chronische Inflammation hervorgerufen. Diese wird durch Adipokine unterhalten, welche infolge eines gesteigerten Fettgewebsmetabolismus verstärkt sezerniert werden.
Der Einsatz von atmosphärischem Niedertemperaturplasma zur Behandlung chronischer Wunden stellt eine erfolgversprechende, in Entwicklung befindliche Therapieoption dar. Dabei wird von der Hypothese ausgegangen, dass chronische Wunden durch die Stimulation mittels Plasma aktiviert werden können, wodurch die über die Stufe der resorptiven Inflammation die physiologische Heilung wieder in Gang gesetzt werden kann. Daher wurde zur Identifizierung des Reiz- und Inflammationspotential des Plasmas und zur Ableitung geeigneter Behandlungsparameter Plasma im HET-CAM geprüft. Zunächst wurden mit einem Atmosphärendruck Plasma-Jet unter Verwendung von Argongas und einer Dielectric-Barrier Discharge (DBD)-Plasmaquelle die Reizwirkungen an der CAM durch mäanderförmige Plasmabehandlung und punktuelle Anwendung getestet. Dabei wurden neben mäanderförmigen und punktuellen Applikationsmustern unterschiedliche Anwendungsfrequenzen und damit unterschiedliche Plasmadosen untersucht. Die Temperatur des Plasmas nahm v. a. bei längeren Behandlungszeiten Einfluss und führte zu einer Wirkungsverstärkung bis hin zu thermischen Schädigungen. Der Gasfluss erwies sich als limitierend für das geprüfte Modell. Der gepulste Modus war bei mäanderförmiger Anwendung am verträglichsten. Die Überprüfung auf Reversibilität der Effekte ergab, dass geringe Reizungen vollständig reversibel waren, währen schwere Reizungen zu nicht reversiblen Koagulationen führten. Aufgrund der unbefriedigenden Ergebnisse mit sehr schneller Bildung von Thrombosen, geringem Arbeitsabstand und fehlender Potentialfreiheit wurde die DBD-Elektrode von der weiteren Untersuchung ausgenommen und der kINPen09 als Weiterentwicklung des Plasma-Jets mit geringerer Plasmatemperatur auf inflammatorische Wirkung bei punktueller Anwendung mit verschiedenen Expositionszeiten im kontinuierlichen Modus und im gepulsten Modus mit Argon als Trägergas, sowie im kontinuierlichen Modus unter Zusatz von 0,1 % Sauerstoff, getestet. In dieser Testreihe war ebenfalls das gepulste Plasma am verträglichsten, das mit Sauerstoff angereicherte Plasma führte zu den schwersten Inflammationen. Alle Reaktionen wurden durch die kombinierte Anwendung mit Hydrocortison deutlich abgeschwächt. Mit der Inflammationsinduktion konnten Gewebeprozesse in Form von Kontraktion, Koagulation und inflammationsassoziierter Angiogenese auf der CAM erzeugt werden, die für Aktivierung der sekundären Wundheilung relevant sein dürften. Ableitend aus den Untersuchungen kann für die Anwendung an chronischen Wunden eine Behandlungszeit von maximal 5 s pro qcm Wundfläche für den kontinuierlichen Modus empfohlen werden. Dabei sollte wegen der besseren Verträglichkeit der mäanderförmigen Behandlung gegenüber der punktuellen Anwendung der Vorzug gegeben werden. Unter Berücksichtigung der vorliegenden Untersuchung zur Reiz- und Inflammationswirkung von Plasma im HET-CAM und weiteren Prüfungen zur Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit in vivo und in vitro erweist sich die Plasmaapplikation mit dem kINPen09 als vielversprechende Option zur Behandlung chronischer Wunden.
Prothrombotic and Proinflammatory Activities of the β-Hemolytic Group B Streptococcal Pigment
(2019)
A prominent feature of severe streptococcal infections is the profound inflammatory response that contributes to systemic toxicity. In sepsis the dysregulated host response involves both immunological and nonimmunological pathways. Here, we report a fatal case of an immunocompetent healthy female presenting with toxic shock and purpura fulminans caused by group B streptococcus (GBS; serotype III, CC19). The strain (LUMC16) was pigmented and hyperhemolytic. Stimulation of human primary cells with hyperhemolytic LUMC16 and STSS/NF-HH strains and pigment toxin resulted in a release of proinflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6. In addition, LUMC16 induced blood clotting and showed factor XII activity on its surface, which was linked to the presence of the pigment. The expression of pigment was not linked to a mutation within the CovR/S region. In conclusion, our study shows that the hemolytic lipid toxin contributes to the ability of GBS to cause systemic hyperinflammation and interferes with the coagulation system.
Background and aims
Prevention measures for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have shifted their focus from lipoproteins to the immune system. However, low-grade inflammation and dyslipidemia are tightly entangled. The objective of this study was to assess the relations between a broad panel of inflammatory biomarkers and lipoprotein subclass parameters.
Methods
We utilized data from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND, n = 403). Plasma concentrations of 37 inflammatory markers were measured by a bead-based assay. Furthermore, we employed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure total cholesterol, total triglycerides, total phospholipids as well as the fractional concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, ApoA1, ApoA2 and ApoB in all major lipoprotein subclasses. Associations between inflammatory biomarkers and lipoprotein subclasses were analyzed by adjusted linear regression models.
Results
APRIL, BAFF, TWEAK, sCD30, Pentraxin-3, sTNFR1, sTNFR2, Osteocalcin, Chitinase 3-like 1, IFN-alpha2, IFN-gamma, IL-11, IL-12p40, IL-29, IL-32, IL-35, TSLP, MMP1 and MMP2 were related with lipoprotein subclass components, forming two distinct clusters. APRIL had inverse relations to HDL-C (total and subclasses) and HDL Apo-A1 and Apo-A2 content. MMP-2 was inversely related to VLDL-C (total and subclasses), IDL-C as well as LDL5/6-C and VLDL-TG, IDL-TG, total triglycerides as well as LDL5/5-TG and HDL4-TG. Additionally, we identified a cluster of cytokines linked to the Th1-immune response, which were associated with an atherogenic lipoprotein profile.
Conclusion
Our findings expand the existing knowledge of inflammation-lipoprotein interactions, many of which are suggested to be involved in the pathogeneses of chronic non-communicable diseases. The results of our study support the use of immunomodulatory substances for the treatment and possibly prevention of CVD.
Abstract
Background
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive muscle‐wasting disease caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, which leads to structural instability of the dystrophin–glycoprotein‐complex with subsequent muscle degeneration. In addition, muscle inflammation has been implicated in disease progression and therapeutically addressed with glucocorticosteroids. These have numerous adverse effects. Treatment with human immunoglobulin G (IgG) improved clinical and para‐clinical parameters in the early disease phase in the well‐established mdx mouse model. The aim of the present study was to confirm the efficacy of IgG in a long‐term pre‐clinical study in mdx mice.
Methods
IgG (2 g/kg body weight) or NaCl solution as control was administered monthly over 18 months by intraperitoneal injection in mdx mice beginning at 3 weeks of age. Several clinical outcome measures including endurance, muscle strength, and echocardiography were assessed. After 18 months, the animals were sacrificed, blood was collected for analysis, and muscle samples were obtained for ex vivo muscle contraction tests, quantitative PCR, and histology.
Results
IgG significantly improved the daily voluntary running performance (1.9 m more total daily running distance, P < 0.0001) and slowed the decrease in grip strength by 0.1 mN, (P = 0.018). IgG reduced fatigability of the diaphragm (improved ratio to maximum force by 0.09 ± 0.04, P = 0.044), but specific tetanic force remained unchanged in the ex vivo muscle contraction test. Cardiac function was significantly better after IgG, especially fractional area shortening (P = 0.012). These results were accompanied by a reduction in cardiac fibrosis and the infiltration of T cells (P = 0.0002) and macrophages (P = 0.0027). In addition, treatment with IgG resulted in a significant reduction of the infiltration of T cells (P ≤ 0.036) in the diaphragm, gastrocnemius, quadriceps, and a similar trend in tibialis anterior and macrophages (P ≤ 0.045) in gastrocnemius, quadriceps, tibialis anterior, and a similar trend in the diaphragm, as well as a decrease in myopathic changes as reflected by a reduced central nuclear index in the diaphragm, tibialis anterior, and quadriceps (P ≤ 0.002 in all).
Conclusions
The present study underscores the importance of an inflammatory contribution to the disease progression of DMD. The data demonstrate the long‐term efficacy of IgG in the mdx mouse. IgG is well tolerated by humans and could preferentially complement gene therapy in DMD. The data call for a clinical trial with IgG in DMD.
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is among the most common infectious agents, burdening the
global health care system and challenging physicians. Thus, the demand for vaccination is
increasing, and despite many attempts, no vaccine is currently available. The iron-regulated
surface determinant protein B (IsdB) is a highly conserved surface protein of S. aureus. It has
an essential role in bacterial iron acquisition and cell attachment, functioning as a fitness factor.
It has been shown that IsdB is critical for S. aureus virulence and growth in iron-restricted
conditions, such as the human host. Therefore, IsdB was studied as a vaccine candidate. A nonadjuvant vaccine (V710) was developed based on IsdB, which showed promising results in the
preclinical, phase I, and phase IIa trials. Unexpectedly, in a phase IIb/III, in cardiothoracic
surgery patients that were infected by S. aureus, mortality was significantly higher in the
vaccinated group than the placebo. Despite increased antibody levels against IsdB in the
vaccinated patients, V710 failed to prevent S. aureus infection. Therefore, a better
understanding of the interaction between S. aureus and the immune system is required.
We have discovered that IsdB has an important role in host-pathogen interaction. This bacterial
protein activated human monocytes and murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells
(mBMDCs) to produce proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, TNF-α, IL-12, IL-23, IL-33,
and IL-1β. In silico molecular docking and DimPlot analysis predicted that IsdB binds to -TLR4
via non-covalent interactions. Microscale thermophoresis confirmed that IsdB has a high
affinity to recombinant human TLR4 in the nanomolar range. Inhibition of TLR4 completely
abolished the production of all the cytokines mentioned above in both cell types. Furthermore,
we characterized the TLR4 signaling pathway triggered by IsdB. In human monocytes, blocking
the myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) adaptor protein and NF-κβ transcription factor
caused complete abrogation of proinflammatory cytokines in response to IsdB, revealing that
IsdB induces cytokine release via the TLR4-MyD88-NF-κβ dependent pathway.
The consistent release of IL-1β suggested that IsdB induced activation of the inflammasome, a
multi-molecular complex known to play a crucial role in innate immunity. We corroborated our
observations in human monocytes and mBMDCs by inhibiting essential components of the
NLRP3 inflammasome. Blocking NLRP3, caspases in general and caspase-1 completely
inhibited the release of IL-1β. In monocytes, IsdB alone was sufficient to induce NLRPdependent IL-1β release, suggesting an alternative pathway of inflammasome activation. In
contrast, mBMDCs required an additional stimulus, such as ATP or MSU (known stress
signals) besides IsdB, to release IL-1β, indicating a classical inflammasome activation. These
results demonstrate that IsdB induces the release of IL-1β via the TLR4-NLRP3-Caspase-1
axis. Next, we addressed the molecular mechanisms involved in IsdB-induced IL-1β in monocytes.
A low concentration of intracellular potassium (K+) resulting from K+ efflux is known to trigger the NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated IL-1β release. We demonstrated that blocking potassium efflux by inhibition of ion channels, such as pannexin channels (P2X)7, and addition of extracellular KCl significantly reduced IsdB-induced IL-1β. Other common inflammasome activators, such as phagolysosome rupture and reactive oxygen species (ROS), did not contribute to the release of IL-1β in response to IsdB. In summary, we revealed yet another role of IsdB beyond iron acquisition from Hb and attachment to the host cells via vitronectin and integrins. It is conceivable that IsdB’s interaction with innate immune cells modulates the quality of the adaptive immune response, showing a new facet in the pathogen-host relationship of S. aureus that should be considered in future
vaccine development.
Streptococcus pneumoniae infections can lead to severe complications with excessive immune activation and tissue damage. Interleukin-37 (IL-37) has gained importance as a suppressor of innate and acquired immunity, and its effects have been therapeutic as they prevent tissue damage in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. By using RAW macrophages, stably transfected with human IL-37, we showed a 70% decrease in the cytokine levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β, and a 2.2-fold reduction of the intracellular killing capacity of internalized pneumococci in response to pneumococcal infection. In a murine model of infection with S. pneumoniae, using mice transgenic for human IL-37b (IL-37tg), we observed an initial decrease in cytokine expression of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in the lungs, followed by a late-phase enhancement of pneumococcal burden and subsequent increase of proinflammatory cytokine levels. Additionally, a marked increase in recruitment of alveolar macrophages and neutrophils was noted, while TRAIL mRNA was reduced 3-fold in lungs of IL-37tg mice, resulting in necrotizing pneumonia with augmented death of infiltrating neutrophils, enhanced bacteremic spread, and increased mortality. In conclusion, we have identified that IL-37 modulates several core components of a successful inflammatory response to pneumococcal pneumonia, which lead to increased inflammation, tissue damage, and mortality.
Hintergrund: In den letzten Jahren wurde ein Zusammenhang zwischen Vitamin D Mangel, erhöhten Inflammationsmarkern und Herz- Kreislauf-Erkrankungen beobachtet. Da es nur wenige Daten zur Assoziation zwischen Vitamin D Mangel und chronischer Inflammation aus der Allgemeinbevölkerung gibt, haben wir den Zusammenhang zwischen der 25-hydroxy Vitamin D [25(OH)D] Serumkonzentration und den drei Inflammationsmarkern, hoch-sensitives C-reaktives Protein (hs-CRP), Fibrinogen und der Leukozytenzahl untersucht. Methoden: Die Studienpopulation umfasst 2725 Männer und Frauen im Alter von 25-88 Jahren aus dem ersten Follow-up der populationsbasierten Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-1). Die Assoziationen zwischen der 25(OH)D Konzentration und den Inflammationsmarkern wurden mit Varianzanalysen (ANOVA), linearen und logistischen Regressionsmodellen untersucht. Alle Modelle wurden für Geschlecht, Alter, Taillenumfang, Diabetes Mellitus, Dyslipidämie und Einnahme von antiinflammatorischer Medikation adjustiert. Es zeigte sich eine Interaktion zwischen der 25(OH)D Konzentration und dem Rauchstatus im linearen Regressionsmodell für die Leukozytenzahl (p=0.07). Daher wurden alle Analysen zur Leukozytenzahl getrennt für Raucher und Nichtraucher gerechnet. Ergebnisse: Es zeigte sich ein u-förmiger Zusammenhang zwischen der 25(OH)D und der hs-CRP Konzentration. Der hs-CRP Spiegel sank bis zu einer 25(OH)D Konzentration von 21 ng/ml. Ab einer 25(OH)D Konzentration von etwa 25 ng/ml kam es zu einem leichten Wiederanstieg des hs-CRP. Es zeigte sich ein signifikanter inverser Zusammenhang zwischen 25(OH)D und Fibrinogen. Raucher hatten im Mittel eine höhere Leukozytenzahl als Nichtraucher. Für Raucher zeigte sich ein inverser Zusammenhang zwischen der 25(OH)D Konzentration und der Leukozytenzahl. Für Nichtraucher zeigte sich kein Zusammenhang. Schlussfolgerung: Unsere Studie bestätigt eine potentielle Rolle des Vitamin D Status bei chronischer Inflammation. Ein positiver Effekt eines 25(OH)D Anstiegs kann bei Vitamin D Defizienz vermutet werden.
Periodontitis is one of the most prevalent oral diseases worldwide caused by multifactorial interactions between host and oral bacteria. Altered cellular metabolism of host and microbes releases a number of intermediary end-products known as metabolites. Recently, there is an increasing interest in identifying metabolites from oral fluids like saliva to widen the understanding of the complex pathogenesis of periodontitis. It is believed, that some metabolites might serve as indicators toward early detection and screening of periodontitis and perhaps even for monitoring its prognosis in the future. Because contemporary periodontal screening methods are deficient, there is an urgent need for novel approaches in periodontal screening procedures. To this end we associated oral parameters (clinical attachment level, periodontal probing depth, supragingival plaque, supragingival calculus, number of missing teeth, and removable denture) with a large set of salivary metabolites (n=383) obtained by mass spectrometry among a subsample (n=909) of non-diabetic participants of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-Trend-0). Linear regression analyses were performed in age-stratified groups and adjusted for potential confounders. A multifaceted image of associated metabolites (n=107) with considerable differences according to age groups was revealed. In the young (20-39 years) and middle-aged groups (40-59 years), we found metabolites predominantly associated with periodontal variables; whereas among the older subjects (60 + years), tooth loss was strongly associated with metabolite levels. Metabolites associated with periodontal variables were clearly linked to tissue destruction, host- defence mechanisms and bacterial metabolism. Across all age groups, the bacterial metabolite phenylacetate was significantly associated with periodontal variables. Our results revealed alterations of the salivary metabolome in association with age and oral health status. Among our comprehensive panel of metabolites, periodontitis was significantly associated with the bacterial metabolite phenylacetate, a promising substance for further biomarker research.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review of the Literature
(2015)
The objective of this systematic review was to discuss our current understanding of the complex relationship between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We performed a systematic search of the literature related to both COPD and diabetes using PubMed. Relevant data connecting both diseases were compiled and discussed. Recent evidence suggests that diabetes can worsen the progression and prognosis of COPD; this may result from the direct effects of hyperglycemia on lung physiology, inflammation or susceptibility to bacterial infection. Conversely, it has also been suggested that COPD increases the risk of developing T2DM as a consequence of inflammatory processes and/or therapeutic side effects related to the use of high-dose corticosteroids. In conclusion, although there is evidence to support a connection between COPD and diabetes, additional research is needed to better understand these relationships and their possible implications.