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Infectious diseases remain a significant threat to the wellbeing of humans and animals
worldwide. Thus, infectious disease outbreaks should be investigated to understand the
emergence of these pathogens, leading to prevention and mitigation strategies for future
outbreaks. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) and bioinformatic analysis tools are reshaping
the surveillance of viral infectious diseases through genome-based outbreak investigations. In
particular, analyzing generic HTS datasets using a metagenomic analysis pipeline enable
simultaneous identification, characterization, and discovery of pathogens.
In this thesis, generic HTS datasets derived from the 2018-19 WNV epidemic and USUV
epizooty in Germany were evaluated using a unified pipeline for outbreak investigation and an
early warning system (EWS). This pipeline obtained 34 West Nile virus (WNV) whole-genome
sequences and detected several sequences of Usutu virus (USUV) and other potential
pathogens. A few WNV and USUV genome sequences were completed using targeted HTS
approaches. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic inferences, reconstructed using WNV wholegenome sequences, revealed that Germany experienced at least six WNV introduction events.
The majority of WNV German variants clustered into the so-called “Eastern German clade
(EGC),” consisting of variants derived from birds, mosquitoes, a horse, and human cases. The
progenitors of the EGC subclade probably circulated within Eastern Europe around 2011. These
flavivirus genome sequences also provided substantial evidence for the first reported cases of
WNV and USUV co-infection in birds. Phylogenetic inferences of USUV genome sequences
showed the further spread of the USUV lineage Africa 3 and might indicate the overwintering
of the USUV lineage Europe 2 in Germany. Among viral sequences reported in the EWS, Hedwig
virus (HEDV; a novel peribunyavirus) and Umatilla virus (UMAV; detected in Europe for the
first time) were investigated using genome characterization, molecular-based screening, and
virus cultivation since these viruses were suspected of causing co-infections in WNV-infected
birds. The EWS detected overall 8 HEDV-positive and 15 UMAV-positive birds in small sets of
samples, and UMAV could be propagated in a mosquito cell culture Future studies are necessary
to investigate the pathogenicity of these viruses and their role in the health of wild and captive
birds.
In conclusion, this study provided a proof-of-concept that the developed unified and
generic pipeline is an effective tool for outbreak investigation and pathogen discovery using the
same generic HTS datasets derived from outbreak and surveillance samples. Therefore, this
thesis recommends incorporating the unified pipeline in the key response to viral outbreaks to
enhance outbreak preparedness and response.