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Parodontitis und der resultierende Zahnverlust sowie auch Osteoporose nehmen mit zunehmendem Alter eine beachtliche Stellung ein. Um einer erhöhten Prävalenz von Parodontalerkrankungen und Zahnverlust im Alter entgegenzuwirken, ist eine individuelle risikoorientierte Prävention und Therapie unerlässlich. Zurückliegende Forschungsergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass bei Osteoporosepatienten eine parodontale Erkrankung aggressiver abläuft und schneller zum Zahnverlust führt als bei knochengesunden Personen. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, unter Berücksichtigung bekannter Risikofaktoren den Zusammenhang von Knochenmetabolismus und Parodontalerkrankungen sowie Zahnverlust an einer repräsentativen Bevölkerungsgruppe darzustellen. Methoden: Grundlage der Untersuchungen war die Study of Health in Pomerania mit einem Probandenkollektiv von 4310 Männern und Frauen im Alter von 20 bis 80 Jahren. Als Maß für die Beurteilung des Knochenstoffwechsels wurden bei 4105 Probanden die renalen Konzentrationen der Desoxypyridinoline bestimmt. Die zahnmedizinischen Untersuchungsdaten beinhalteten die Dokumentationen zur Anzahl der verbliebenen Zähne sowie die durchschnittlich gemessenen Attachmentverluste. Individuelle Angaben und Risikofaktoren wurden dem computergestützten Interview entnommen. Zur Ermittlung der statistischen Zusammenhänge zwischen Knochenmetabolismus und Parodontitis bzw. Zahnverlust erfolgte mittels multiplen Regressionsanalysen. Die Auswahl der unabhängigen Einflussvariablen berücksichtigte relevante Risikofaktoren für die Pathogenese der Parodontitis: Alter, Geschlecht, Rauchen, Bildung, Diabetes mellitus und Zeitpunkt des letzten Zahnarztbesuches. Ergebnisse: Bei den Probanden der vorliegenden Studie ergaben sich keine signifikanten Zusammenhänge von renaler DPD-Konzentration und den klinischen Zeichen einer Parodontitis (Attachmentverlust). Bei den Berechnungen zur Analyse des Zusammenhanges Knochenstoffwechsel und Zahnverlust konnten statistische Signifikanzen nur für Frauen der Altersgruppe 61 bis 80 Jahre (p<0,05), nicht jedoch für Männer sowie Frauen der Altersgruppe 20 bis 60 Jahre, präsentiert werden. Schlussfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Studie lassen nur bei den postmenopausalen Frauen (Altersgruppe 61 bis 80 Jahre) annehmen, dass ein negativer Knochenstoffwechsel einen Risikofaktor für den Zahnverlust darstellt. Die Parodontitis scheint im vorliegenden Probandenkollektiv nicht von der DPD-Konzentration beeinflusst zu sein.
Diabetes mellitus has been linked with an increased risk for oral diseases, especially periodontitis. However, studies results were not consistent. The present study was conducted to evaluate whether both type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are associated with increased prevalence and extent of periodontal disease and tooth loss compared with non-diabetic subjects within a homogeneous adult study population. T1DM, T2DM and non-diabetic subjects were recruited from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP). Additionally, T1DM subjects were retrieved from a Diabetes Centre in the same region. The total study population comprised 145 T1DM and 2,647 non-diabetic subjects aged 20-59 years, and 182 T2DM and 1,314 non-diabetic subjects aged 50-81 years. Multivariable regression revealed an association between T1DM and mean attachment loss (B=0.40 [95% CI; 0.19, 0.61], adjusted). Also, T1DM was positively associated with increased number of missing teeth after full adjustment (p<0.001). The association between T1DM and tooth loss was enhanced in subjects aged 40-49 and 50-59 years (p for interaction=0.01). In T2DM subjects, mean attachment loss was significantly higher compared with non-diabetic subjects (B=0.47 [95% CI; 0.21, 0.73], adjusted). The effect of T2DM was significantly enhanced in 60-69-years-old subjects (p for interaction=0.04). The association between T2DM and number of missing teeth was not statistically significant after adjustment (p=0.25). Analyses showed that the effect of T2DM on tooth loss was pronounced in females compared with males (p for interaction=0.01). In accordance with previous literature, present results suggested that periodontal diseases and tooth loss can been seen as a complication of both types of diabetes. Generally, periodontal diseases are preventable and treatable. Therefore, appropriate goals and strategies for improving periodontal health in subjects with diabetes need to be developed. Further, early detection and careful managed therapeutics with the physician and dentist working hand-in-hand may prove beneficial to the patient–s general health.
Chronic infections, including periodontal infections, may reduce lung function. To date, there are hardly any population-based studies evaluating the association between periodontitis and lung function. However, there are some studies that used variables associated with obstructive pulmonary diseases (FEV1, FEV1/FVC). Thus, we aimed to assess the potential association of periodontal diseases with lung volumes and airflow limitation in the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP). Of 3300 participants aged 25-85 years of the 5-year follow-up (SHIP-1), 1809 subjects participated in lung function examinations. 1465 subjects were included in the analyses. Lung function was measured using spirometry, body plethysmography, helium dilution, and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide. Periodontal status was assessed by clinical attachment loss, probing depth, and number of missing teeth. Linear regression models using fractional polynomials were used to assess linear and non-linear associations between periodontal disease and lung function adjusting for confounders. Adjusting for age, sex, waist circumference, physical activity, diabetes, asthma, and time between core and pulmonary examination, mean attachment loss was significantly associated with variables of dynamic and static lung volumes, airflow limitation and hyperinflation. Total lung capacity and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide were not associated with mean attachment loss. Adjustment for smoking and height considerably changed coefficients indicating profound confounding. Including fibrinogen and high sensitive CRP into fully adjusted models did not change coefficients of mean attachment loss. Restricted to never smokers, mean attachment loss was significantly associated with FEV1, FVC, and RV/TLC. Relations with lung function were confirmed for mean probing depth, extent measures of attachment loss/probing depth, and number of missing teeth. Periodontal disease was significantly associated with decreased lung function. Systemic inflammation did not provide a mechanism linking both diseases. However, cohort studies evaluating lung function in the current manner are needed to confirm results from this study and to assess a causal relationship. Furthermore, it needs to be investigated with the help of randomized clinical trials whether prevention or treatment of periodontitis might have a beneficial impact on lung function.
The Institute of German Dentists [Institut der Deutschen Zahnärzte (IDZ)] conducted four national cross-sectional surveys of oral health in the German resident population [German Oral Health Studies, "Deutsche Mundgesundheitsstudien", (DMS)]: in 1989 (DMS I, only West Germany), 1992 (DMS II, only East Germany), 1997 (DMS III), and 2005 (DMS IV). In this study, the first two surveys (1989/92) were merged to achieve comparability with the last two studies. The Studies of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) are two independent regional cross-sectional population-based studies conducted during 1997-2001 (SHIP-0) and 2008-2012 (SHIP-Trend) in northeast Germany. In this thesis, we addressed three main questions: First, we aimed to explore the relative contributions of clinical oral health variables assessing caries, periodontal status, and prosthetic status to self-perceived oral health by means of an age-specific approach in DMS IV. Second, we aimed to assess the changes of dental health in West and East Germany between 1989 and 2005 in DMS I-IV. Third, we aimed to evaluate the changes of periodontal status and number of teeth within the last decade based on data from the DMS and the SHIP studies. To explore the associations of self-perceived oral health with clinical oral health variables, we developed separate multinomial logistic regression models for adults and seniors in DMS IV by using stepwise methods. To assess the changes of dental health in West and East Germany between 1989 and 2005, we applied regression models and assessed associations between region, survey year, their interactions and variables assessing dental disease status (number of missing, filled, decayed and sound teeth, the DMFT-index and the probability of having ≤20 teeth), adjusting for potential risk factors for caries. To assess changes of periodontal status in Germany, prevalences, percentages and numbers of teeth affected were defined. In summary, the number of unreplaced teeth showed the strongest association with self-perceived oral health in adults and was the second variable to enter the model for seniors during the stepwise selection process. Between 1997 and 2005, the number of missing teeth considerably decreased in DMS but East Germans had consistently more missing teeth than West Germans in each survey year. Further, during the last decade, the periodontal status significantly improved in SHIP and in West German adults, which might translate into a even higher tooth retention in the future.