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Background
The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) is most frequently used to test processing speed in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Functional imaging studies emphasize the importance of frontal and parietal areas for task performance, but the influence of frontoparietal tracts has not been thoroughly studied. We were interested in tract-specific characteristics and their association with processing speed in MS patients.
Methods
Diffusion tensor imaging was obtained in 100 MS patients and 24 healthy matched controls to compare seed-based tract characteristics descending from the superior parietal lobule [Brodman area 7A (BA7A)], atlas-based tract characteristics from the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), and control tract characteristics from the corticospinal tract (CST) and their respective association with ability on the SDMT.
Results
Patients had decreased performance on the SDMT and decreased white matter volume (each p < 0.05). The mean fractional anisotropy (FA) for the BA7A tract and CST (p < 0.05), but not the SLF, differed between MS patients and controls. Furthermore, only the FA of the SLF was positively associated with SDMT performance even after exclusion of the lesions within the tract (r = 0.25, p < 0.05). However, only disease disability and total white matter volume were associated with information processing speed in a linear regression model.
Conclusions
Processing speed in MS is associated with the structural integrity of frontoparietal white matter tracts.
Chills are emotional peaks especially in response toward acoustic stimuli. In the present study, we examined facial expressions associated with pleasant and unpleasant chill experiences during music and harsh sounds by measuring electromyographic activity from facial corrugator and zygomatic muscles. A rubber bulb could be pressed by the participants to report chill intensities. During harsh sounds, increased activation of both corrugator and zygomatic muscle was observed. Zygomatic muscle activity was even more pronounced when a chill experience was reported during such sounds. In contrast, pleasant chill experiences during music were associated with slightly increased corrugator activity compared with absent chills. Our data suggest that harsh sounds produce a painful facial expression that is even intensified when a chill experience is reported. Increased corrugator activity during chills toward music might refer to states of being moved. The results are discussed in the light of a proposed role of the chill in regulating social behavior. Our results suggest that recording facial muscle activity can be a valuable method for the examination of pleasant and unpleasant peak emotions induced by acoustic stimuli.
Background and purpose
The insula has important functions in monitoring and integrating physiological responses to a personal experience of multimodal input. The experience of chills in response to auditory stimuli is an important example for a relevant arousing experience coupled with bodily response. A group study about altered chill experiences in patients with insula lesions is lacking.
Methods
Twenty-eight stroke patients with predominantly insula lesions in the chronic stage and 14 age-matched controls were investigated using chill stimuli of both valences (music, harsh sounds). Group differences were analyzed in subjective chill reports, associated bodily responses (skin conductance response), lesion mapping, diffusion-weighted imaging and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Other neuropsychological deficits were excluded by comprehensive testing. Diffusion-weighted imaging was quantified for four insula tracts using fractional anisotropy.
Results
The frequency of chill experiences was comparable between participant groups. However, bodily responses were decreased for the stroke group. Whereas there was no association of lesion location, a positive association was found for the skin conductance response during aversive sounds and the tract connecting anterior inferior insula and left temporal pole in the stroke group. Similarly, functional magnetic resonance imaging activation in areas hypothesized to compensate for damage was increased with bodily response.
Conclusions
A decoupling of felt arousal and bodily response after insula lesion was observed. Impaired bodily response was related to an impaired interaction of the left anterior insula and the temporal pole.
Structural integrity of the insula and emotional facial recognition performance following stroke
(2023)
The role of the human insula in facial emotion recognition is controversially discussed, especially in relation to lesion-location-dependent impairment following stroke. In addition, structural connectivity quantification of important white-matter tracts that link the insula to impairments in facial emotion recognition has not been investigated. In a case–control study, we investigated a group of 29 stroke patients in the chronic stage and 14 healthy age- and gender-matched controls. Lesion location of stroke patients was analysed with voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping. In addition, structural white-matter integrity for tracts between insula regions and their primarily known interconnected brain structures was quantified by tractography-based fractional anisotropy. Our behavioural analyses showed that stroke patients were impaired in the recognition of fearful, angry and happy but not disgusted expressions. Voxel-based lesion mapping revealed that especially lesions centred around the left anterior insula were associated with impaired recognition of emotional facial expressions. The structural integrity of insular white-matter connectivity was decreased for the left hemisphere and impaired recognition accuracy for angry and fearful expressions was associated with specific left-sided insular tracts. Taken together, these findings suggest that a multimodal investigation of structural alterations has the potential to deepen our understanding of emotion recognition impairments after stroke.