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The Caribbean is a geologically complex region with several different plate boundary interactions. Geodynamic reconstructions of the northwestern Caribbean region have been particularly controversial in terms of the number of arcs, subduction polarity, and timing of collision. This thesis develops a refined tectonic reconstruction for the northwestern Caribbean based on a review of geological data of Cuba and a regional analysis within the northwestern Caribbean context. With regard to plausibility, significant emphasis was put on the degree and qualitiy of visualization. Three crustal sections across key areas in western, central, and eastern Cuba have been constructed in order to conduct an evolutionary interpretation in three dimensions. Western and central Cuba constitute an orogenic belt resulting from the collision of a mid- to Late Cretaceous volcanic arc - the "Great Caribbean Arc" - with the southern paleomargin of North America. The collision process apparently started in the Campanian, but major north- to northeast-directed thrusting processes at the southern Bahamas margin culminated during the Paleocene. A continous southwest-dipping polarity of the "Great Caribbean Arc", at least from the Aptian-Albian, can be infered from (1) its Late Cretaceous approach towards the North American margin, (2) the magnitude of top to the north directed tectonic transport in the Cuba orogenic belt, and (3) the internal structures of the metamorphic fore-arc assemblages and their evolution on the north side of the arc. An Early Cretaceous southwest-dipping origin of the "Great Caribbean Arc" along the northern fringe of the Chortís Block appears to be in all probability. This concept provides a link between (1) middle Late Cretaceous collision processes along the Matagua suture zone, (2) the Turonian termination of "Great Caribbean Arc"-activity on Jamaica, and (3) the late Campanian onset of collision in the Cuba orogenic belt. The collision of the "Great Caribbean Arc" with the Bahamas margin hampered relative northward motion of the Caribbean Plate from the late Campanian onward. Continued northward push finally resulted in the commencement of north-dipping subduction. Late Cretaceous commencement of north-dipping subduction was accompanied by superposition of oceanic crust and large-scale north-directed gravity sliding on the upper plate, as documented by ophiolitic slide-masses and Maastrichtian olistostromes in eastern Cuba (Nipe - Cristal and Moa Baracoa ophiolite massifs) as well as on Jamaica (ophiolites of the Bath-Dunrobin Complex) and the southern peninsula of Hispaniola. Progress of north-dipping subduction was responsible for the emergence of a Paleocene to Middle Eocene volcanic arc which spanned the northwestern Caribbean along the southern boundary of the Yucatán Basin while the Chortís Block and the Nicaragua Rise were still in a paleoposition to the south of the Maya Block. North-dipping subduction and the associated volcanic arc isolated the Yucatán Basin from its original affiliation to the Caribbean Plate. Relative northward motion of the Caribbean Plate and activity of the Paleogene volcanic arc stopped after the Eocene arrival of thickened oceanic crust of the Caribbean Large Igneous Province at the north-dipping subduction zone. After the late Early Eocene commencement of spreading at the Mid-Cayman Rise, North America - Caribbean relative motion was taken up along the sinistral Oriente Fault with estimated amounts of 800 to 1000 km offset since the Middle Eocene. This transform margin dissmembered the northwestern Caribbean extend of the Paleocene to Middle Eocene volcanic arc. Its eastern bend was uncoupled in the course of this process and may be represented by the Aves Ridge. South-central Hispaniola can be restored to a Middle Eocene position to the south of eastern Cuba, which accounts for an approximate Cenozoic displacement of 200 to 300 km. Therefore, most of the western prolongation of the Oriente Fault must be accommodated at the northern bounding-faults of the southern peninsula of Hispaniola. The proposed synthesis is in clear accordance with the paradigm of plate tectonics, corroborating its capability to incorporate even a complex region like the Caribbean.
Diese Studie basiert auf der Annahme, dass die Analogien zu kaltzeitlichen Ökosystemen Mitteleuropas nicht im hohen Norden Europas bzw. Nordasiens zu suchen sind, sondern dass man sie viel weiter im Süden in den kühl-kontinentalen Gebieten von Innerasien erwarten kann. Die kaltzeitlichen Weichtierfaunen Mitteleuropas unterscheiden sich wesentlich von den gegenwärtigen subpolaren Mollusken-Beständen durch das Auftreten einer Reihe von Steppenarten. Darunter befindet sich auch das xerotherme Element Pupilla triplicata, welches rezent ebenfalls in Zentralasien vorkommt. In diesem Zusammenhang ist auch bezeichnend, dass kaltzeitliche Mollusken-Leitarten, z. B. Vallonia tenuilabris, Vertigo pseudosubstriata oder Pisidium stewarti, zunächst aus dem Quartär Mitteleuropas beschrieben und überraschend Jahrzehnte später rezent in Zentralasien entdeckt wurden. Weitere „Lebende Fossilien“, beispielsweise rezente Belege von Pupilla loessica, waren deshalb noch zu erwarten. Entsprechende vergleichende Untersuchungen von pleistozänen mitteleuropäischen und rezenten zentralasiatischen Faunen fehlten bisher. Zur Beleuchtung der Geschichte der quartären Umwelt in Europa wird deshalb mit diesem Beitrag ein neuer Weg gegangen. Die Grundlage für diese Studie bilden zahlreiche Rezent-Aufsammlungen von zentralasiatischen Gastropoden-Gemeinschaften aus dem Tienschan (Kirgisien, Kasachstan), dem Russischen Altai und dem Baikal-Gebiet (Russland) sowie aus der N-Mongolei. Außerdem liegt auch aus dem Quartär (Mittel- und Jungpleistozän) von Zentralasien, insbesondere aus S-Tadschikistan, S-Kasachstan und N-China, Mollusken-Material vor. Wegen unterschiedlicher Vorstellungen zur Systematik innerhalb einiger Gruppen der Gastropoden in Zentralasien, betroffen sind u. a. die Vertiginidae, Pupillidae und Valloniidae, und wegen aktueller Revisionen, z. B. zur Gattung Vallonia, waren für den angestrebten objektiven Vergleich rezenter und fossiler Faunen Teilrevisionen erforderlich, die nicht nur zoogeographische Probleme neu beleuchten sondern auch die Beschreibung neuer Spezies beinhalten. Neue Erkenntnisse zu den Vertiginidae liegen vor allem zur Verbreitung von Vertigo substriata, V. lilljeborgi, V. genesii, V. geyeri, V. alpestris und V. parcedentata in Zentralasien vor. Die aktuellen zoogeographischen Daten dieser bis in die jüngste Vergangenheit als „Europäische Endemiten“ bewerteten Arten, sind für die Interpretation paläozoogeographischer Prozesse im eurasischen Raum von größter Bedeutung. Bei den Pupillidae wurden bspw. Pupilla alluvionica, P. altaica und P.seminskii neu beschrieben. Kartiert wurde die Verbreitung einer bisher aus Zentralasien unbeschriebenen Form von Pupilla, welche gehäusemorphologisch der mitteleuropäischen Kaltzeitleitart P. loessica entspricht. Offenbar handelt es sich um ein „Lebendes Fossil“. Der Verbreitungsschwerpunkt von P. cf. loessica befindet sich im stärker kontinental geprägten SE-Altai. Für den konkreten Vergleich pleistozäner Kaltzeit-Faunen des mitteleuropäischen Raumes mit rezenten Faunen in Zentralasien orientierte sich der Verfasser exemplarisch an Mollusken-Assoziationen, die Vallonia tenuilabris enthalten. V. tenuilabris ist im Pleistozän des mitteleuropäischen Raumes eine der am weitesten verbreiteten kaltzeitlichen Leitarten und ist rezent als kälteadaptierte Form bspw. auch in Zentralasien häufig. Unter Fokussierung auf V. tenuilabris und deren Begleitfaunen ergab sich die praktikable Chance, stellvertretend fossile und rezente kälteangepasste Faunen miteinander zu vergleichen. Dabei konnte verdeutlicht werden, dass die pleistozänen kaltzeitlichen Faunen Mitteleuropas die engsten Beziehungen zu den rezenten Faunen im südlichen Taigagürtel (Altai, N-Mongolei, Baikal-Gebiet) aufweisen. Die rezenten Habitate von V. tenuilabris in Zentralasien befinden sich erwartungsgemäß in Gebieten mit Jahresdurchschnittstemperaturen, die deutlich unter 0°C liegen. Die bevorzugten Habitattypen reichen zwar von mesophilen Wiesen, lichten Wäldern bis in die feuchteren Hochgebirgszonen, jedoch zeigt die Art eine deutliche Präferenz zu feuchteren Habitaten, wie Sümpfe, Auen und Gewässerufer, feuchte Wiesen und Hochgebirgs-Tundren. Für die Interpretation fossiler Gemeinschaften bedeutet dies, dass V. tenuilabris nicht, wie so oft angenommen, eine ausgesprochene Leitart kaltzeitlicher Steppen darstellt, sondern viel eher feuchtere kaltzeitliche Phasen bzw. feuchtere Habitate dominiert.
In 1992, the international regime 'Agenda 21' was agreed upon. Accordingly, countries worldwide have been undergoing reforms in their water management into Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). The implementation is promoted by international actors. The main institutional aspects of IWRM are the river basin approach, clear property rights allocation, and application of economical instruments. In former centrally planned economies, the process of IWRM implementation has been coincided with transformation for the market economy. The implementation of institutional aspects of IWRM in countries under transition is connected with high transaction costs. Against this background, the comparative empirical study was initialised in order to analyse institutional change of water management towards IWRM in Vietnam and in Poland. Two models of river basin organisations were examined. Consequently, pros and cons of decentralised polycentric and hierarchical unicentric river basin organisations have been evaluated. Formal institutions were studied with the use of an in-depth review of legislation in Vietnam and in Poland. The EU Water Frame Directive (EU WFD) and other international policies were also examined. For the empirical study in Vietnam and in Poland, actors were interviewed as experts. The results of the study on both countries were discussed separately, and conclusions were drawn in a comparative manner. Water management reforms towards IWRM in Vietnam and in Poland have been generating multi-level governance processes including international, national and sub-national levels. The implementation of IWRM in Vietnam is supported by international donor agencies. In Poland, the implementation of the EU WFD is coordinated by the European Commission in a hierarchical manner. In comparison to international joint-development projects in Vietnam, the European Commission enforces international IWRM policy more effectively. Since the resumption of ODA in early 1990s, water resources management has been institutionalised in Vietnam by international support. In 1998, a Water Law was established in Vietnam. The intended separation of water resources management from water service provisions caused fragmentation between the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, respectively. This ‘silo-effect’ has been intensified by the competition for international ODA. The power struggles affect even agencies within ministries. Polycentric river basin committees have been established as entities subordinated to the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, as well as the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. However, because of weak property rights allocation and the absence of administrative powers, the river basin organisations work ineffectively. The river basin has not yet been established as a sub-national area of political action. Decisions sustained to be made at central level and are affected by the information problem due to largely centralised organisations of Vietnamese water management. The sub-national level is characterised by very low planning and management capacities. In Poland, unicentric river basin organisations were established in 1991. They are aligned with hydrological borders. Water resources planning and management are carried out according to river basins and water regions in order to implement the EU WFD. The river basin has been established as a new area of decision-making. Conflicts between local-governments have been resolved after the reforms. Nevertheless, spatial management planning, environmental protection planning, water service delivery, etc., are further carried out by local self-governments. To integrate water resources planning and management with these services, horizontal coordination is of critical importance. However, this is hampered by problems of ‘spatial fit’. Moreover, a high degree of horizontal cross-border communication increases information problems in hierarchical organisations. Thus, features of polycentric governance models become increasingly important in order to fully implement the EU WFD in Poland.