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ZfSl 54 (2009) 2, 224-240 Ulrike Jekutsch Zur Schau gestellte Fiktion: Die Erfindung polnischer Frühgeschichte in Słowackis Tragödien „Balladyna“ und „Lilla Weneda“SummaryJuliusz Słowacki’s tragedies “Balladyna” (1834, publ. 1839) and “Lilla Weneda” (1840) are set in legendary pre-historical times. Reflecting the Polish nation-building process, they outline invented episodes und char-acters in the beginnings of the first Polish state. With these plays, Słowacki wanted to give his people poeti-cally created legends, which would enrich their scanty stock of stories from pre-historical times and fill out the gaps in their national historical knowledge. Słowacki’s foreword to “Balladyna” serves as an introduc-tion to a projected cycle of plays about Polish pre-history. Here, the playwright openly exposes the fictional-ity of both characters and plot, and he draws attention to the many historical inconsistencies and anachro-nisms in the text. At the same time, he claims that the intrinsic truth of poetry ranks higher than mere factual accuracy, and that his plays, despite their historical inaccuracy, may become Polish-pre-history. His inven-tion of new episodes of Polish pre-history is aimed polemically against contemporary historiography – espe-cially against two issues, i. e. first, romantic historiography’s pretension to play the role of universal art (Universalwissenschaft), and secondly, the traditional Polish idealization of known figures of pre-history. The article discusses these two aspects of Słowacki’s plays, focussing on his polemics against contemporary Polish historiography and especially against Joachim Lelewel.
In this work, the investigation of dusty plasma by means of tunable diode laser spectroscopy was carried out. Special interest was focused on the interactions of dust particles and metastable atoms. At first, Al density and temperature in dc and pulsed magnetron discharges were measured. Measurements with argon as working gas show an expected behavior of the measured atom density and temperature. Decrease of absorption signal was observed in argon/oxygen and argon/methane mixtures. A small admixture of oxygen leads to a complete disappearance of the absorption signal indicating vanishing Al atom density. The effect is believed to be caused by the oxidation of the magnetron target. This decrease reveals typical hysteresis behavior caused by poisoning of the target. Significant difference between critical oxygen flow value in dc and pulsed modes was registered. Then dust formation and plasma behaviors in hydrocarbon containing plasmas were analysed. The dust growing plasmas (Ar/C2H2, Ar/CH4 and Ar/C3H6 rf plasmas) were characterized by laser transmission and scattering methods, ion energy distribution function and mass spectrum evolution by plasma processing monitor, and the spatial distribution in pristine plasma and the temporal behavior of the metastable atom density in processing plasma using TDLAS. Pristine plasma were then characterized in term of metastable density and temperature. The radial distribution of neon metastable atom density in capacitive coupled rf discharge can be approximated to a Gaussian profile with the width smaller than plasma chamber radius. The diffusion flow of metastable atoms deduced from their spatial density distribution gives the loss of metastable atom in the plasma sheath. Argon metastable density was measured in rf plasma and compared with a simple model for metastable density. The model explains well the trend of metastable density with respect to the change of plasma input power. Metastable density of dusty plasma with injected dust particles was measured and compared to that of pristine plasma. The particle heating by metastable atoms was strongly evidenced. The power absorbed by dust particles due to bombardment of metastable atoms onto a dust particle surface in our experiments is about 0.04 Wm-2 for the low dust density case and lower for higher dust density which is in the same order as the contributions of kinetic energy of ions and electrons and the energy released by their recombination on the grain surface. The influence of dust particle density and size on metastable density was studied. Through measuring metastable density, TDLAS can be used as a tool to study the dust growth process in processing plasma.
Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy of argon metastable atoms in Ar/C2H2 dusty plasmas
(2009)
The tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy method was used to measure Ar metastable density in order to study the dust growth process in hydrocarbon-containing plasmas. A simple model was proposed that successfully interprets the experimental results of pristine plasmas. The model is also suitable for explaining the influence of dust particle size on metastable density and for examining the dust growth process. The metastable density responded strictly to the formation of dust particles and their growth in processing plasmas. Using metastable density as an indicator is, therefore, a non-intrusive and effective method for the study of the dust growth process in hydrocarbon-containing plasmas.
Fluorocarbon containing capacitively coupled radio frequency (cc-rf) plasmas are widely used in technical applications and as model systems for fundamental investigations of complex plasmas. Absorption spectroscopy based on pulsed quantum cascade lasers (QCL) was applied in the mid-IR spectral range of 1269-1275 cm-1. Absolute densities of the precursor molecule CF4 and of the stable product C3F8 were measured with a time resolution of up to 1 ms in pulsed CF4/H2 asymmetrical cc-rf (13.56 MHz) discharges. For this purpose both the non-negligible temperature dependence of the absorption coefficients and the interference of the absorption features of CF4 and C3F8 had to be taken into account in the target spectral range. Therefore, at two different spectral positions composite absorption spectra were acquired under the same plasma conditions in order to discriminate between CF4 and C3F8 contributions. A total consumption of∼ 12 % was observed for CF4 during a 1 s plasma pulse, whereas C3F8 appeared to be produced mainly from amorphous fluorocarbon layers deposited at the reactor walls. A gas temperature increase by ∼ 100 K in the plasma pulse was estimated from the measurements. Additionally, not yet identified unresolved absorption (potentially from the excited CF4 molecule) was found during the àon-phase'.
Therapeutic Sealing of Proximal Tooth Surfaces: Two-Year Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation
(2009)
The diagnosis, prevention and treatment of proximal carious lesions comprise a constant problem in clinical dentistry. The purpose of this investigation was to test the safety and clinical effect of a new treatment for proximal caries. In 50 patients with two proximal initial lesions (D1-3 without cavitation, bitewing X-ray), orthodontic rubber rings were applied to gain access to the interproximal space. One of the lesions was sealed with a thin polyurethane-dimethacrylate foil using a bonding agent (Heliobond®, Vivadent, Schaan/Liechtenstein); the other lesion received oral home-care with dental floss and fluoridated toothpaste and was left as control. In clinical follow-ups after 6 and 12 months and X-ray evaluation after two years, clinical retention of proximal tape and the underlying sealant, marginal adaptation, discoloration, tooth vitality, proximal plaque and gingivitis were checked. In addition, caries was assessed clinically and radiographically. The sealants showed good retention, marginal adaptation and colour. After two years, vitality of all teeth was still positive and no relevant differences in plaque accumulation or gingival status were found between sealed and control teeth. Two sealed surface had to be filled due to caries progression (D3 with cavitation). 9 sealed lesions showed caries regression. In contrast, only 4 control lesions regressed and also two showed progression. The loss of tape had no significant influence on the lesion progression indicating the effect of the underlying bond. All other sealants and control lesions were stable indicating an arrest of the lesion. In conclusion, sealing initial proximal lesions showed no clinical problems and mostly arrest of initial carious lesions on bitewing X-rays.
An interesting aspect in the research of complex (dusty) plasmas is the experimental study of the interaction of micro-particles with the surrounding plasma for diagnostic purposes. Local electric fields can be determined from the behaviour of particles in the plasma, e.g. particles may serve as electrostatic probes. Since in many cases of applications in plasma technology it is of great interest to describe the electric field conditions in front of floating or biased surfaces, the confinement and behaviour of test particles is studied in front of floating walls inserted into a plasma as well as in front of additionally biased surfaces. For the latter case, the behaviour of particles in front of an adaptive electrode, which allows for an efficient confinement and manipulation of the grains, has been experimentally studied in terms of the dependence on the discharge parameters and on different bias conditions of the electrode. The effect of the partially biased surface (dc and rf) on the charged micro-particles has been investigated by particle falling experiments. In addition to the experiments, we also investigate the particle behaviour numerically by molecular dynamics, in combination with a fluid and particle-in-cell description of the plasma.
Infrared laser absorption spectroscopy (IRLAS) employing both tuneable diode and quantum cascade lasers (TDLs, QCLs) has been applied with both high sensitivity and high time resolution to plasma diagnostics and trace gas measurements.
TDLAS combined with a conventional White type multiple pass cell was used to detect up to 13 constituent molecular species in low pressure Ar/H2/N2/O2 and Ar/CH4/N2/O2 microwave discharges, among them the main products such as H2O, NH3, NO and CO, HCN respectively. The hydroxyl radical has been measured in the mid infrared (MIR) spectral range in-situ in both plasmas yielding number densities of between 1011 ... 1012 cm-3. Strong indications of surface dominated formation of either NH3 or N2O and NO were found in the H2-N2-O2 system. In methane containing plasmas a transition between deposition and etching conditions and generally an incomplete oxidation of the precursor were observed.
The application of QCLs for IRLAS under low pressure conditions employing the most common tuning approaches has been investigated in detail. A new method of analysing absorption features quantitatively when the rapid passage effect is present is proposed. If power saturation is negligible, integrating the undisturbed half of the line profile yields accurate number densities without calibrating the system. By means of a time resolved analysis of individual chirped QCL pulses the main reasons for increased effective laser line widths could be identified. Apart from the well-known frequency down chirp non-linear absorption phenomena and bandwidth limitations of the detection system may significantly degrade the performance and accuracy of inter pulse spectrometers. The minimum analogue bandwidth of the entire system should normally not fall below 250 MHz.
QCLAS using pulsed lasers has been used for highly time resolved measurements in reactive plasmas for the first time enabling a time resolution down to about 100 ns to be achieved. A temperature increase of typically less than 50 K has been established for pulsed DC discharges containing Ar/N2 and traces of NO. The main NO production and depletion reactions have been identified from a comparison of model calculations and time resolved measurements in plasma pulses of up to 100 ms. Considerable NO struction is observed after 5 ... 10 ms due to the impact of N atoms.
Finally, thermoelectrically cooled pulsed and continuous wave (cw) QCLs have been employed for high finesse cavity absorption spectroscopy in the MIR. Cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS) has been performed with pulsed QCLs and was found to be limited by the intrinsic frequency chirp of the laser suppressing an efficient intensity build-up inside the cavity. Consequently the accuracy and advantage of an absolute internal absorption calibration is not achievable. A room temperature cw QCL was used in a complementary cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy (CEAS) configuration which was equipped with different cavities of up to ~ 1.3 m length. This spectrometer yielded path lengths of up to 4 km and a noise equivalent absorption down to 4 x 10-8 cm-1Hz-1/2. The corresponding molecular concentration detection limit (e.g. for CH4, N2O and C2H2 at 1303 cm-1/7.66 μm) was generally below 1 x 1010 cm-3 for 1 s integration times and one order of magnitude less for 30 s integration times. The main limiting factor for achieving even higher sensitivity is the residual mode noise of the cavity. Employing a ~ 0.5 m long cavity the achieved sensitivity was good enough for the selective measurement of trace atmospheric constituents at 2.2 mbar.
(A paperback version is published by Logos under ISBN 978-3-8325-2345-9.)
Age-related brain injuries including stroke, are a major cause of physical and mental disabilities. Therefore studying the basic mechanism underlying functional recovery after brain stroke in middle aged subjected it is of considerable clinical interest. Data from our lab and elsewhere indicate that, behaviorally, middle aged rats were more severely impaired by stroke than were young rats, and they also showed diminished functional recovery. Infarct volume did not differ significantly in young and middle aged animals, but critical differences were apparent in the cytological response to stroke, most notably an age-related acceleration of the establishment of the glial scar. The early infarct in older rats is associated with a premature accumulation of BrdU-positive microglia and astrocytes, persistence of activated oligodendrocytes, a high incidence of neuronal degeneration, and accelerated apoptosis. In middle aged rats, neuroepithelial-positive cells were rapidly incorporated into the glial scar, but these neuroepithelial-like cells did not make a significant contribution to neurogenesis in the infarcted cortex in young or middle aged animals. Stroke is accompanied by a strong inflammatory reaction in the brain. We hypothesized that a mild systemic inflammatory reaction as caused by periodontal disease prior to stroke onset, may exert a neuroprotective effect in a rat model of focal ischemia. To test this hypothesis, marginal periodontitis was induced in BB/LL Wistar rats for 3 weeks. Two weeks after periodontitis initiation, focal cerebral ischemia was produced by reversible occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery. After a survival time of 7 days after ischemia, rat brains were analyzed. In addition, markers of systemic inflammation were determined in a different group of laboratory animals at 14 days after the onset of periodontitis. We found that rats with a mild systemic inflammation had a significantly reduced infarct volume and a significant reduction in the number of brain macrophages in the infarcted area. Conclusions: The available evidence indicates that the middle aged brain has the capability to mount a cytoproliferative response to injury, but the timing of the cellular and genetic response to cerebral insult is deregulated in middle aged animals, thereby further compromising functional recovery. In addition we found that that mild systemic inflammation elicited prior to stroke onset may have a neuroprotective effect in rats by reducing the infarct volume and tissue destruction by brain macrophages.
In the present work, mass determinations of the eleven neutron-deficient nuclides (99-109)Cd, of ten neutron-rich silver nuclides (112-114,121,123)Ag, and seven neutron-rich cadmium nuclides (114,120,122-124,126,128)Cd are reported. Due to the clean production of the neutron-deficient nuclides it was possible to reduce the experimental uncertainties down to 2 keV, whereas the measurements of neutron-rich nuclides were hampered by the presence of contaminations from more stable In and Cs nuclides. In the case of 99Cd and 123Ag the masses were determined for the first time and for the other nuclides the mass uncertainties could be reduced by up to a factor of 50 as in the case of 100Cd. In the case of a potential isomeric mixture as for (115,117,119)Ag and 123Cd, where no assignment to either the ground state or the excited state was possible, the experimental results were adjusted accordingly. Afterwards all results were included in the framework of the atomic-mass evaluation and thus linked and compared with other experimental data. In the case of the neutron-deficient Cd nuclides a conflict between the mass values obtained in the present work and those published by the JYFLTRAP group could be solved by performing an atomic-mass evaluation. These mass measurements are an important step towards an understanding of the physics of the rp process that will enable a more reliable determination of the composition of the produced material at A = 99. It has been shown that the mass of 99Cd strongly affects the A = 99 production in an X-ray burst model, and that uncertainties have been significantly reduced from more than an order of magnitude to about a factor of 3. The dominant source of uncertainty is now the mass of 100In. In principle, other uncertainties will also contribute. These include those of masses of lighter Cd isotopes, where similar rp-process branchpoints occur and which might affect feeding into the 99Cd branchpoint. In addition, nuclear reaction rate uncertainties will also play a role. However, as reaction rates affect branchings in a linear fashion, while mass differences enter exponentially, mass uncertainties will tend to dominate. Also, which reaction rates are important depends largely on nuclear masses. For example, for low Sp(100In) a (p,γ)-(γ,p) equilibrium will be established between 99Cd and 100In and the 100In(p,γ) reaction rate would affect the A = 99 production, while for larger Sp(100In) the 99Cd(p,γ) reaction rate might be more relevant. Therefore, the mass uncertainties should be addressed first. The presented results are relevant for any rp-process scenario with a reaction flow through the 99Cd region. Here, an X-ray burst model has been used to investigate in detail the impact of the present measurements on such an rp process. The νp process in core collapse supernovae might be another possible scenario for an rp process in the 99Cd region. It it is planed to also explore whether in that case mass uncertainties have a similar impact on the final composition. On the neutron-rich side of the valley of stability for the Cd and Ag chains of nuclides, the r process has not yet been reached. Further technical development on suppression of contaminants are required. This includes improvements on the ISOLDE side, e.g., by improving the selectivity of the transfer line or on the ISOLTRAP setup by implementing an electrostatic ion beam trap for a fast and efficient isobaric selection. Nevertheless the obtained results contribute to the knowledge of nuclear structure. The trends in the two-neutron separation-energy S2n and the interaction between the last neutrons and last protons ΔVpn were corrected to more smooth evolutions, as already seen in other regions of the nuclear chart. The strongest corrections have been observed for even-N nuclides, were more new experimental data are available. Thus, new measurements on odd-N nuclides are suggested. This also is underlined by the trends observed in the Garvey-Kelson relations for the neutron-rich Cd nuclides. Furthermore, it has been shown, that the prominent structure of the ΔVpn for an entire chain of nuclides including inflexion points can be reproduced by using simple relations between quantum numbers of the occupied orbits. This approach connects ten values for each nuclide with only one adjusted parameter. This has been investigated for 63 ΔVpn values of even-even nuclides in the vicinity of Z = 50 and 50 ≤ N ≤ 82. The simple model works remarkably well for the elements Cd, Sn, and Te. Small deviation have been observed for the Xe and Pd nuclides which were explained with the limitations of the model to the vicinity of the close shells, where the nuclides have only few valence protons and neutrons.
The Caribbean is a geologically complex region with several different plate boundary interactions. Geodynamic reconstructions of the northwestern Caribbean region have been particularly controversial in terms of the number of arcs, subduction polarity, and timing of collision. This thesis develops a refined tectonic reconstruction for the northwestern Caribbean based on a review of geological data of Cuba and a regional analysis within the northwestern Caribbean context. With regard to plausibility, significant emphasis was put on the degree and qualitiy of visualization. Three crustal sections across key areas in western, central, and eastern Cuba have been constructed in order to conduct an evolutionary interpretation in three dimensions. Western and central Cuba constitute an orogenic belt resulting from the collision of a mid- to Late Cretaceous volcanic arc - the "Great Caribbean Arc" - with the southern paleomargin of North America. The collision process apparently started in the Campanian, but major north- to northeast-directed thrusting processes at the southern Bahamas margin culminated during the Paleocene. A continous southwest-dipping polarity of the "Great Caribbean Arc", at least from the Aptian-Albian, can be infered from (1) its Late Cretaceous approach towards the North American margin, (2) the magnitude of top to the north directed tectonic transport in the Cuba orogenic belt, and (3) the internal structures of the metamorphic fore-arc assemblages and their evolution on the north side of the arc. An Early Cretaceous southwest-dipping origin of the "Great Caribbean Arc" along the northern fringe of the Chortís Block appears to be in all probability. This concept provides a link between (1) middle Late Cretaceous collision processes along the Matagua suture zone, (2) the Turonian termination of "Great Caribbean Arc"-activity on Jamaica, and (3) the late Campanian onset of collision in the Cuba orogenic belt. The collision of the "Great Caribbean Arc" with the Bahamas margin hampered relative northward motion of the Caribbean Plate from the late Campanian onward. Continued northward push finally resulted in the commencement of north-dipping subduction. Late Cretaceous commencement of north-dipping subduction was accompanied by superposition of oceanic crust and large-scale north-directed gravity sliding on the upper plate, as documented by ophiolitic slide-masses and Maastrichtian olistostromes in eastern Cuba (Nipe - Cristal and Moa Baracoa ophiolite massifs) as well as on Jamaica (ophiolites of the Bath-Dunrobin Complex) and the southern peninsula of Hispaniola. Progress of north-dipping subduction was responsible for the emergence of a Paleocene to Middle Eocene volcanic arc which spanned the northwestern Caribbean along the southern boundary of the Yucatán Basin while the Chortís Block and the Nicaragua Rise were still in a paleoposition to the south of the Maya Block. North-dipping subduction and the associated volcanic arc isolated the Yucatán Basin from its original affiliation to the Caribbean Plate. Relative northward motion of the Caribbean Plate and activity of the Paleogene volcanic arc stopped after the Eocene arrival of thickened oceanic crust of the Caribbean Large Igneous Province at the north-dipping subduction zone. After the late Early Eocene commencement of spreading at the Mid-Cayman Rise, North America - Caribbean relative motion was taken up along the sinistral Oriente Fault with estimated amounts of 800 to 1000 km offset since the Middle Eocene. This transform margin dissmembered the northwestern Caribbean extend of the Paleocene to Middle Eocene volcanic arc. Its eastern bend was uncoupled in the course of this process and may be represented by the Aves Ridge. South-central Hispaniola can be restored to a Middle Eocene position to the south of eastern Cuba, which accounts for an approximate Cenozoic displacement of 200 to 300 km. Therefore, most of the western prolongation of the Oriente Fault must be accommodated at the northern bounding-faults of the southern peninsula of Hispaniola. The proposed synthesis is in clear accordance with the paradigm of plate tectonics, corroborating its capability to incorporate even a complex region like the Caribbean.