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Untersuchungen zum Einfluss des Endothelinsystemes auf die Doxorubicin-induzierte Kardiomyopathie
(2012)
Das Zytostatikum Doxorubicin besitzt nach wie vor einen hohen Stellenwert in der Therapie maligner Erkrankungen. Die schwerste und gleichzeitig dosislimitierende Nebenwirkung, die bei der Therapie mit Doxorubicin auftreten kann, ist eine Kardiomyopathie. Die Prävention dieser Doxorubicin-induzierten Kardiomyopathie könnte eine effektivere Gestaltung der zytostatischen Therapie ermöglichen, allerdings sind dafür detaillierte Kenntnisse über den Pathomechanismus der Entstehung dieser Herzschädigung unabdingbar. Basierend auf der kardioprotektiven Wirkung des dualen Endothelinrezeptorantagonisten (ETA) Bosentan gegenüber einer Doxorubicin-Kardiotoxizität im Mausmodell, war das primäre Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit, die Wirkung von Bosentan vergleichend zu einer selektiven Endothelinrezeptor-A- bzw. -B-Blockade mittels Sitaxentan bzw. BQ-788 zu analysieren und zugrunde liegende Mechanismen der Kardioprotektion aufzuklären. Dazu wurde das Konduktanzkatheter-System zur Messung und Auswertung hämodynamischer Parameter von C57/BL6-Mäusen am Institut für Pharmakologie etabliert, mit Literaturdaten verglichen und mittels Magnetresonanztomographie verifiziert. Nach Herausarbeitung der zur Induktion einer Herzschädigung geeigneten Doxorubicin-Dosis von 20 mg/kg KG, wurde im folgenden Tierversuch der Einfluss einer Endothelinrezeptor-Blockade durch die ETAs Bosentan, Sitaxentan und BQ-788 auf hämodynamische Parameter vergleichend analysiert. Dabei konnte bei allen ETAs ein kardioprotektiver Effekt gegenüber der Doxorubicin-Kardiotoxizität nachgewiesen werden. Sitaxentan als hochselektiver Endothelinrezeptors-A-Blocker zeigte eine nur geringfügig schlechtere Wirkung auf die Hämodynamik der Versuchstiere. Interessanterweise konnte auch der Endothelinrezeptors-B-Antagonist BQ-788 die Herzfunktion der Doxorubicin-behandelten Mäuse in ähnlichem Ausmaß wie Bosentan und Sitaxentan verbessern, was auf der zusätzlichen Endothelin-A1-Rezeptorblockade beruhen könnte. In einem weiteren Schritt konnte der Doxorubicin- und Doxorubicinolgehalt verschiedener Organe der Maus mittels HPLC bestimmt werden. Dabei zeigte sich, dass der kardioprotektive Effekt der ETAs nicht auf einer verringerten Akkumulation von Doxorubicin oder Doxorubicinol im Myokard beruht, da deren kardiale Spiegel unter ETA-Co-Medikation keine signifikanten unterschiede zeigten. Lediglich BQ-788 beeinflusste den Doxorubicin- und Doxorubicinol-Gehalt in manchen Organen etwas stärker, was die geringfügig schlechtere Hämodynamik erklären könnte. Um der kardioprotektiven Wirkung der ETAs zugrunde liegende molekulare Prozesse aufzuklären, wurden ausgewählte Gene und Proteine hinsichtlich ihrer Expression und Lokalisation im Myokard bzw. in Kardiomyozyten untersucht. Für das mitochondriale Protein ANT1, welches sowohl physiologische als auch pathophysiologische Effekte vermittelt, konnte auf Proteinebene eine verringerte Expression nach Doxorubicingabe ermittelt werden, während die ETAs die ANT-Expression wieder normalisierten bzw. erhöhten, was in der Literatur als kardioprotektiv beschrieben wird. Die ebenfalls kardioprotektiv wirksamen Kinasen Pim-1 und AKT1 zeigten eine gegensätzliche Regulation unter Doxorubicin. Der kardiale Gehalt an phosphorylierten AKT1 (pAKT1) wurde durch Doxorubicin signifikant vermindert und durch Bosentan sowie BQ-788 wieder auf das Kontrollniveau angehoben, was bei Sitaxentan nicht zu verzeichnen war. Demnach könnte AKT1 in die kardioprotektive Wirkung von Bosentan und BQ-788 involviert sein. Pim-1 L (44 kDa-Isoform) wurde durch Doxorubicin im murinen Myokard signifikant hoch reguliert, was durch Co-Medikation mit ETAs nahezu vollständig revertiert wurde und durch den Transkriptionsfaktor STAT3 vermittelt sein könnte. Auch die Lokalisation von Pim-1 unterlag in einem in vitro Kardiomyozyten-Modell (H9c2) einer Regulation durch Doxorubicin mit nukleärer Akkumulation der Kinase, was durch die ETAs in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß moduliert wurde. Die Pim-1-Regulation unter Doxorubicin-Gabe könnte dabei einen Schutzmechanismus der Zellen gegen die kardiotoxische Wirkung des Zytostatikums darstellen, welcher unter Co-Medikation mit ETAs nicht mehr nötig war, da diese die kardiale Pumpfunktion wieder herstellten. Zusätzliche in vitro Untersuchungen zur Viabilität von H9c2-Kardiomyozyten unter Doxorubicin, ETAs und Hemmung von AKT1 und Pim-1 bestätigten die in vivo Ergebnisse im Mausmodell jedoch nicht. Die vorliegende Arbeit bietet interessante Ansätze zur pharmakologischen Prävention der Doxorubicin-induzierten Kardiotoxizität. In einem in vivo murinen Kardiomyopathie-Modell konnte der therapeutische Nutzen von ETAs zur Prophylaxe einer Herzschädigung unter Doxorubicin deutlich herausgestellt sowie mögliche zugrunde liegende Mechanismen aufgeklärt werden. Damit bietet diese Arbeit vielversprechende Ansätze für weiterführende Untersuchungen zum Einsatz von ETAs als Kardioprotektiva.
Dilated Cardiomyopathy is a chronic myocardial disease characterized by progressive depression of contractile function and ventricular dilatation. It is the leading cause of heart failure and the most common reason for heart transplantation. Besides genetic causes, viral infection and autoimmune response are considered to play a major role in the etiology of the disease. Among different viruses that cause the disease, Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is predominantly associated with the development and progression of the disease. Moreover, Coxsackievirus induced myocarditis in the mouse mimics human myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. In the murine model, the disease progresses over a period of 90 days from acute myocarditis to chronic myocarditis and further develops into dilated cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure. Though much is known about the progression of the disease, the molecular events occurring after infection with CVB3 are not completely understood. In the current study, comparative proteomic analysis of A.BY/SnJ mouse hearts 84 days post infection (84 d p.i.) with CVB3 and age-matched non-infected mouse hearts was performed. 2D-DIGE and gel-free LC-MS/MS were used to characterize the changes occurring at the molecular level and Western Blot analysis as well as immunohistochemical staining was carried out for validation of results. A total of 101 distinct proteins were identified as displaying dilated cardiomyopathy-associated changes in A.BY/SnJ mouse hearts 84 d p.i. compared to age matched controls. Comprehensive analysis by both DIGE and gel-free proteomics revealed proteins related to lipid metabolism (18%), carbohydrate metabolism (14%), cell morphogenesis (14%) and respiratory electron transport chain (9%) to display significantly altered levels in diseased mouse hearts. The significant increase in extracellular matrix proteins observed in mouse hearts 84 d p.i. indicated extensive fibrosis. On the other hand, proteins related to energy metabolism were identified at lower levels in infected mouse hearts than in controls. These proteomics data and the decrease in activities measured for complexes I-IV of the respiratory electron transport chain in A.BY/SnJ mouse hearts 84 d p.i compared to age matched controls, indicate a diminished energy supply in the dilated hearts of CVB3 infected mice. Furthermore, proteins associated with muscle contraction were identified at lower levels in mouse hearts 84 d p.i. compared to age matched controls indicating compromised myocardial contractility due to virus induced dilated cardiomyopathy. While extracellular matrix proteins and contractile proteins were identified in the DIGE analysis, proteins of lipid metabolism which are mostly mitochondrial in origin and have a pI > 7 were identified by gel-free proteomics indicating the advantages of both methods. Gel based analysis also aided in the identification of protein isoforms/ species which allows conclusions on post translational modifications and protein processing. Thus, the current study also identified infection related changes in the phosphorylation of selected proteins. Phosphospecific staining of the gels demonstrated increased phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain - ventricular isoform, actin - aortic smooth muscle isoform, heat shock protein 90B, and heat shock protein beta-1 in infected mouse hearts. Extensive degradation of proteins was not observed in the dilated heart. As described earlier, virus induced dilated cardiomyopathy develops over a period of 90 days in the murine model during which the mice also grow and undergo aging. Since aging is one of the factors influencing the susceptibility of animals to disease, age dependent changes in the proteome of mouse hearts were also studied by comparing 4 months old (84d) A.BY/SnJ mice with 1 month old mice as controls. Complementary analyses by 2D-DIGE and gel-free LC-MS/MS analysis revealed 96 distinct proteins displaying age associated differences in intensity. These proteins are related to lipid metabolism (19%), protein transport (17%) and electron transport chain (12%). Mitochondrial proteins such as carnitine-o-palmitoyltranferase 1, carnitine-o-palmitoyltranferase 2, and carnitine-O-acetyltransferase involved in lipid metabolism and transport were identified at significantly higher levels indicating higher energy demand in 4 months old mice compared to controls. This conclusion is complemented by observation of decreases in the levels of respiratory electron transport chain proteins especially of subunits of ATP synthase as a member of complex V. Furthermore, an increase in intracellular transport proteins was also observed in 4 months old mouse hearts compared to one month old controls. An increase in the level of vesicular transport proteins likely constitutes a secondary effect leading to endoplasmic reticulum associated protein degradation. In the two studies described above, altered mitochondrial functioning and thereby decreased energy/ATP production was very prominent indicating the role of mitochondria in health and disease. The exchange of ADP/ATP across the mitochondrial membrane is carried out by the carrier protein adenine nucleotide translocase1 (ANT1). To improve understanding of the influence of ANT1 in the heart, comparative proteomic analysis using gel-free LC-MS/MS was performed with hearts of 3 months old rats over-expressing ANT1 using hearts from age-matched wild type animals as controls. A total of four hundred and thirty three proteins were identified with at least two peptides, of which eighty seven proteins displayed small but significant (p<0.05) changes in intensity. Proteins related to integrin linked kinase signalling and myocardial contraction displayed increased levels whereas proteins of the mitochondrial respiratory electron transport chain displayed decreased levels in ANT1 overexpressing hearts compared to wild type animals. Oxyblot analysis performed to study changes in the protein oxidation did not reveal any significant difference in the oxidative state of the proteins between the wild type and transgenic animals. To understand the influence of ANT1 overexpression in virus induced dilated cardiomyopathy, comparative proteomic analyses was performed for the mitochondrial fractions from the hearts of 8 months old rats of the wild type and ANT1 transgenic animals infected with CVB3. Of a total of 370 identified proteins, 83 proteins displayed altered levels in ANT1 overexpressing animals compared to controls. Proteins related to mitochondrial electron transport chain, fatty acid metabolism, contractility and cell structure displayed decreased levels in the infected transgenic animals compared to controls indicating decreased energy metabolism and myocardial contractility besides compromised cell structure. Besides viral causes of dilated cardiomyopathy, autoimmunity also plays a major role in the development of myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. Therefore proteomic analyses of experimental models of autoimmune myocarditis generated by active immunization of rats with peptides of FcγIIa receptor -CEPPWIQVLKEDTVTL (peptide 1) designated as FcR animals and CRCRMEETGISEPI (peptide 2) designated as FcR2 animals- was performed. Of the 303 proteins identified with at least two peptides by gel-free LC-MS/MS analysis. 43 proteins displayed intensities greater than 1.2 fold in FcR rat hearts and 49 proteins displayed intensities greater than 1.2 fold in FcR2 rat hearts compared to animals injected with KLH adjuvant treated as controls. The majority of the alterations (>70%) were observed in both autoimmune models. Thus, immunization leading to an induction of the acute phase response signalling was observed in both experimental setups. Furthermore, the increased amount of proteins such as lumican or procollagen alpha 1, type 1 indicated the presence of fibrosis after immunization independent of the peptide used. In summary, using proteomics the current thesis addresses the changes in protein profiles of two models of dilated cardiomyopathy, namely, virus induced dilated cardiomyopathy and autoimmunity induced dilated cardiomyopathy in mouse and rat models of disease. 2D-DIGE and gel-free LC-MS/MS analysis are complementary techniques which provided a comprehensive view of the changes in the protein profile of hearts of the different animal models. Altered mitochondrial function resulting in decreased energy metabolism and compromised myocardial contractility were prominent in viral models of cardiomyopathy whereas intense acute phase response signalling was observed as a characteristic feature of autoimmune dilated cardiomyopathy. Altered mitochondrial function was also prominent in age associated changes in the heart of A.BY/SnJ mice indicating the role and influence of mitochondria in health and in disease.