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Enzalutamid ist seit 2012 ein zugelassenes Medikament für die Hormontherapie nach Docetaxel-Behandlung bei kastrationsresistenten Prostatakarzinom (CRPC). Als bekannter Wirkmechanismus gilt der Antagonismus am Androgenrezeptor (AR) und die Verhinderung der Translokation in den Nukleus, sowie die Inhibition der Transkription am AR.
In dieser Arbeit wurde der Wirkmechanismus von Enzalutamid auf zellulärer und molekularer Ebene präzisiert. In der Wachstumskinetik zeigt sich eine Wachstumshemmung sowohl der AR-positiven LNCaP Zellen, als auch der AR- negativen PC-3 Zellen. Zur Untersuchung des antiproliferativen Effektes von Enzalutamid betrachtet diese Arbeit AR-assoziierte Wachstumsfaktoren, den AR selbst und Östrogenrezeptoren. Als Einflussgrößen gelten die AR-assoziierten Proteine, wie Hitzeschockprotein (HSP) 27, HSP70, HSP90α/β und die Co-Chaperone HSP40 und HSP 70/90 organizing Protein (HOP). Hierbei zeigte vor allem HSP27 aber auch HSP90β eine deutliche Suppression der Protein-Expression in beiden Zelllinien. Die Untersuchung der Proteinexpression der Co-Chaperone, HSP40 in beiden Zelllinien und HOP in LNCaP Zellen, ergab ebenfalls eine deutliche Supression. Diese Proteine, insbesondere HSP27, haben aufgrund ihrer zellulären Funktion Einfluss auf die Proliferation der PC-Zellen, somit kann ein supprimierender Effekt unter Enzalutamid die Erklärung für das eingeschränkte Wachstum der LNCaP Zellen aber auch der hormonresistenten PC-3 Zellen sein. In LNCaP Zellen konnte der supprimierende Effekt von Enzalutamid auf die AR-Expression bestätigt werden. Als weiteren möglichen Proliferationsfaktor wurde in dieser Arbeit der Östrogenrezeptor (ER) mit seinen Isoformen ERα, ERβ1 und ERβ2 untersucht. Es zeigte sich dabei eine deutliche Suppression des ERβ1, welcher in einem möglichen Zusammenhang mit dem AR stehen kann. Die Suppression der ERβ1-Expression zeigte sich aber auch deutlich in AR-negativen PC-3 Zellen, was auch als antiproliferativer Effekt gewertet werden kann. Die Untersuchung der weiteren ER-Isoformen unter Einwirkung von Enzalutamid zeigten keine Effekte.
Das Resultat dieser Arbeit ist, dass Enzalutamid nicht nur ein Hormonrezeptorantagonist ist, sondern auch auf AR-unabhängige Signalkaskaden Einfluss hat. Enzalutamid zeigt im Zellmodell einen deutlich antiproliferativen Effekt, was mit seiner effektiven Wirkung bei CRPC korreliert und auch an den in dieser Arbeit betrachteten Faktoren liegen kann.
Introduction: Antiseptics are used for the prophylaxis of infections of acute wounds and for the treatment of critically colonized chronic wounds as well as localized infections of acute and chronic wounds. If an antiseptic with too much tissue toxicity and/or too little efficacy is used, the wound healing can be delayed.
Objective: The aim was to compare the irritation potency of frequently used wound antiseptics by using the hen's egg test on the chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM). Additionally, the influence of antiphlogistic active additives which might increase the tolerability was examined. To allow a more extensive comparison, antiseptics classified as obsolete such as hydrogen peroxide, creams on PVP- iodine base, silver sulfadiazine, chlorhexidine and nitrofural as well as the non-antiseptic wound treatment agents dexpanthenol and hemoglobin spray were also examined.
Method: The HET-CAM was used as a semi-in-vivo method to test the tolerability of wound antiseptics to tissues by observing the reactions that occur in the blood vessels of the highly vascularized CAM such as hemorrhage, lysis and coagulation. The irritation score (IS) was calculated and differentiated in 4 ranges according to Spielmann (1991).
Results: The vascular injuries of the CAM were considered as an indirect indicator of the tolerability. It is accepted that agents with no or low irritation potential on the CAM are to be preferred in the clinical practice if they are clinically effective.
Severe CAM reaction was observed after short-term application of octenidine based wound gel (active ingredient octenidine 0.05%) (IS: 10.3) and chlorhexidine digluconate 0.5% solution (IS: 9.5). Moderate reaction was observed for the combination of octenidine 0.05% in aqueous solution with panthenol 1.34% and allantoin 0.2% (IS: 8.7), hydrogen peroxide 1.5% in aqueous solution (IS: 6.1) and hydrogen peroxide 0.5% solution (IS: 5.5). Slight reaction was observed for hydrogen peroxide 1.5% solution in combination with sodium thiocyanate 0.698% (IS: 2.6), sodium thiocyanate 0.698% solution (IS: 2.1) and Dermacyn® (active ingredient NaOCl/HOCl each 0.004) (IS: 1.2). Polihexanide 0.04% in Ringer solution (IS: 0.9), Polihexanide 0.05% in Lipofundin, Granulox® (active agent hemoglobin 10%) (IS: 0) and dexpanthenol 5% solution (IS: 0) showed no reaction. In the long-term observation (24 hours after application), Dermacyn® showed the best results (59% of irritation remained alive after 24 hours). The addition of dexpanthenol and allantoin reduced the irritability only slightly, whereas the decrease of IS of hydrogen peroxide by addition of sodium thiocyanate was almost significant (p 0.0596).
Conclusion: It is suggested that agents with no or low irritation potential on the CAM are to be preferred in the clinical practice if they are clinically effective. It is suggested that further in vivo and in vitro studies are to be undertaken with these agents.
Solely regarding local tolerability, polihexanide and hypochlorite are the antiseptic agents of choice of the tested preparations. The wound oxygenizer hemoglobin spray is tolerated without irritation as well as the negative control 0.9% NaCl solution. Because of their other disadvantages in conjunction with their irritability, the outdated cream formulations on basis of silver sulfadiazine, PVP- iodine, chlorhexidine and nitrofural cannot be recommended for wound antisepsis.
A large portion of the earth's surface is covered with various vegetation classes (i.e. grassland, wetland and agricultural area, forest) of many diverse species and canopy configurations. The ability to assess and to monitor canopy parameters, such as biomass, leaf area index, and vegetation water content, is of vital importance to the study of different agronomic processes. Remote sensing techniques provide a unique capability towards probing different vegetation types and canopy by operating at different bands, observation angle etc. Over the past decades, significant progress has been made in remote sensing techniques of land processes specially vegetation characteristics through development of advanced ground-based, airborne and space-borne microwave sensors, methods and approaches such as theoretical, semi-empirical and empirical models, needed for analyzing the data. These activities have sharply increased in recent years since the launch of different active and passive satellites and sensors. Remote Sensing (RS) science and techniques combined with ground truth data can provide new tools for advanced agricultural crop applications. It has been demonstrated that RS has the ability to estimate biophysical parameters of agricultural crops over time at local, regional, and global scales. In this study, RS images in visible/near infrared (VIS/NIR) domain as well as microwave domain combined with ground truth data were used to assess biophysical parameters of agricultural crop during their whole growing season at Durable Environmental Multidisciplinary Monitoring Information Network (DEMMIN) test site in North East Germany. Ground truth studies were carried out for 31 weeks during 17th April – 13th November 2013 over three crop lands including winter wheat, barley and canola. Landsat 8 OLI, Landsat 7 ETM+ were used for the VIS/NIR studies and TerraSAR-X synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images were used to study biophysical parameters of agricultural crops in microwave part of electromagnetic spectrum. The analysis was conducted by calculating different vegetation indices (VIs) to estimate the biomass (fresh and dry), LAI, and vegetation water content (VWC) of three crops using Landsat 8 OLI and Landsat 7 ETM+ combined with ground truth data. A new concept of Soil Line retrieval from Landsat 8 image was also developed to estimate plant biophysical parameters using soil line related vegetation indices in optical domain of electromagnetic spectrum. Different approaches including univariate, multivariate stepwise regression and semi-empirical water cloud model was also used to estimate the biophysical parameters of agricultural crop using TerraSAR-X data in microwave domain of electromagnetic spectrum. Perhaps the most important conclusion of this study is that the RS approach can provide useful information about estimating agricultural crop parameters over time and local scale, which can therefore provide valuable information to aid the agronomy community.
The aim of the study was to develop and evaluate the reliability and agreement of new computer planimetric method for measurement and assessment of plaque on all types of removable dental prostheses RPDs. The instrument (new method) was tested by evaluating the efficacy of the rotating needles device in cleaning specific parts of RPD. From a database containing 780 images, which were taken in a standardized method for 65 RDPs for 49 participants, 55 images were selected randomly for image analysis. Adobe Photoshop software was used according to a standard operating procedure (SOP) by a main examiner two times in different sessions, and 1 time by 3 other examiners. In order to estimate the intra- and inter-examiner reliability, intraclass correlation coefficients ICC(2,1) was used. Three parameters were used to estimate agreement: standard error of measurement (SEM), smallest detectable change at 95% confidence level (SDC95%), and limits of agreement (LoA) according to Bland¨CAltman method. In the database, only 34 subjects were found with double crown retained removable denture and veneer over the secondary crown. 49x2 (before x after) images for 34 RDPs went under image analyses to calculate POP before and after cleaning the RDPs with the rotating needle device. Data were analysed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. In all steps of image analysis, both intra-examiner and inter- examiner reliability were excellent with ICC(2,1) values > 0.85 at 95% confidence level. Intra- and inter-examiner values for both, SEM and SDC95% were ¡Ü 6% and ¡Ü17% respectively. The Bland¨CAltman analysis revealed a satisfactory level of agreement. POP is significantly more on the veneer than on the base(B-O), P <0.05. The rotating needles device is effective in cleaning the veneer and base(B-O), P <0.05 with absolute effect size 0.62. No statistical significance was detected in the effectiveness of the rotating needles device between base(B-O) and veneer. This study showed an excellent inter- and intra-examiner reproducibility, satisfactory level of examiners agreement, and acceptable measurement error of the new computer planimetric method . Furthermore, the method can be used with all types of RDPs. The rotating needles device can significantly reduce plaque on the double crown retained removable denture. The Computerized Planimetric Method (CPM) is more suitable for clinical researches because of its objectivity, reliability, high level of standardization, and the ability to detect and quantify small changes in plaque. Extra attention should be given to the veneer over the secondary crown as they are a potential part for RDP plaque accumulation.
Interoceptive sensations, that means, perceptions of the physiological body state, play an important role in the generation and expression of emotion. The focus of the research presented here is on respiratory sensations as specific interoceptive signals. Such respiratory sensations (like the feeling of dyspnea) play an important role in symptom perception in somatic (e.g., asthma) as well as in mental disorders (e.g., anxiety disorders). There are several different ways to manipulate respiratory sensations in an experimental environment, but many of them did not equal sensations in daily life. Here, stimuli (inspiratory resistive loads, caffeine) were used that trigger nearly naturally occurring interoceptive sensations. Taking into account that the elicited interoceptive experience also induces an unpleasant feeling state it is most likely that individuals show defensive physiological responding to such cues and try to avoid them. According to a bidirectional motivational system defensive behaviors are regulated by a defensive motivational system that is activated by threatening cues. From research with exteroceptive stimuli it is known that defensive responding is typically characterized by heightened autonomic arousal, increased respiration, and a potentiated startle eyeblink response. In contrast, only a few studies using interoceptive stimuli have incorporated the measurement of physiological data in their experimental designs. If included, studies show also heightened autonomic responding, whilst a heterogeneous respiratory as well as startle eyeblink responding is observed. Thus, the studies presented here were designed to clarify the factors that mediate defensive responding to interoceptive sensations. Study 1 investigated the influence of anxiety on the subjective, respiratory, and autonomic response to an individually determined inspiratory resistive load, while study 2 focuses on the effect of attentional modulation of the startle eyeblink response to a mild respiratory threat. In study 3 the modulation of subjective, respiratory and autonomic reactions by arousal expectations was examined. Therefore, caffeine, a respiratory stimulant, or a placebo were administered without the participants’ knowledge. The fourth study examined the influence of the process of worrying, a strategy to deal with unpleasant body symptoms, on defensive responding. Depending on the study design subjective, respiratory and autonomic (skin conductance level, heart rate) parameters were assessed as marker for defensive mobilization. In study 2 and 4 the startle eyeblink response was measured as further index of defensive activation. Besides that in study 2 also the P3 component of the event-related potential, as an index for attentional allocation, was recorded. The main findings of the presented dissertation are the following: Study 1 revealed that 1) only high anxiety sensitive individuals reporting also high suffocation fear respond to lower stimulus intensities with stronger defensive responding, and 2) that this group demonstrated a maladaptive compensatory breathing pattern. Additionally, study 2 exhibited that 1) the startle eyeblink response is relatively inhibited during a mild interoceptive threat, and 2) this inhibition corresponds to an attention allocation towards breathing as indicated by a reduced P3 amplitude to the startle noise as well as subjective report. Furthermore, highly anxiety sensitive individuals showed a more pronounced defensive responding if the interoceptive sensations were unexpected (study 3). Recently, study 4 demonstrated that worry led to an increased defensive response mobilization. All studies are discussed in the context of the theoretical background of the defensive response modulation to exteroceptive and interoceptive sensations with respect to mediating factors. Showing exaggerated defensive responding and maladaptive adaptation processes in high anxious individuals the results point towards the important role of interoceptive sensations in the etiology, maintenance and therapy of mental disorders, especially the anxiety disorders.
Speichel leistet mit seinen reinigenden, antimikrobiellen und remineralisierenden Funktionen einen entscheidenden Beitrag zur oralen Homöostase. Dabei wirkt neben der Zusammensetzung vor allem die Menge des sezernierten Speichels kariesprotektiv. Allerdings ist die bisherige Studienlage bezüglich eines Zusammenhanges zwischen verminderter Speichelfließrate und Karies begrenzt. Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Untersuchung einer möglichen Assoziation zwischen der regelmäßigen Medikamenteneinnahme, dem Speichelvolumen und Kronen- sowie Wurzelkaries.
In der vorliegenden Dissertation wurden querschnittliche Assoziationen zwischen der Medikamenteneinnahme, dem Speichelvolumen und Kronen- als auch Wurzelkaries untersucht. Dazu wurden Querschnittsdaten der Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-2 und SHIP-Trend-0) gepoolt und gemeinsam analysiert. Die Datenerhebung umfasste neben den soziodemografischen und verhaltensbedingten Risikofaktoren (Alter, Geschlecht, Bildung, Rauchstatus, Mundhygieneverhalten) die Speichelvolumina und dentalen Parameter Zahnzahl, DFS-Index, %DFS und RCI. Des Weiteren wurde im Rahmen der Medikamentenanamnese die Anzahl regelmäßig eingenommener Medikamente erfasst.
Insgesamt wurden 6.069 Probanden im Alter von 20 bis 83 Jahren in die Analysen einbezogen. Das mittlere Alter lag bei 53,4 (SD 14,9) Jahren; der Anteil männlicher Probanden war 48,6%. In bivariaten Analysen konnte kein Zusammenhang zwischen dem Alter und dem Speichelvolumen gezeigt werden. Männer hatten größere Speichelvolumina als Frauen (p=0,04) und eine höhere Zahnzahl war mit einem um 138 µl niedrigeren Speichelvolumen assoziiert (p<0,001). Des Weiteren war die Einnahme einer höheren Anzahl von Medikamenten statistisch signifikant mit niedrigeren Speichelvolumina assoziiert. Allerdings waren die beobachteten Unterschiede sehr gering, sodass der vermeintliche und eingangs erwartete große Einfluss der Medikamenteneinnahme auf die Speichelvolumina nicht beobachtet werden konnte.
Hinsichtlich des Zusammenhangs zwischen Speichelvolumen und Karies konnten in voll adjustierten Regressionsmodellen für den DFS-Index dahingehend konsistente Ergebnisse gefunden werden, dass höhere Speichelvolumina signifikant mit niedrigeren DFS-Indizes assoziiert waren. Dabei hatten die Probanden mit hohem Speichelvolumen 1,54 kariöse und/oder gefüllte bzw. überkronte Flächen weniger als diejenigen mit niedrigem Speichelvolumen (p<0,001). Für den %DFS konnten hingegen keine statistisch signifikanten Assoziationen mit dem Speichelvolumen festgestellt werden. Insgesamt erschienen die Ergebnisse für die beiden Kariesdefinitionen damit inkonsistent und erlaubten keine spezifischen Schlussfolgerungen.
Für die Assoziation zwischen dem Speichelvolumen und dem RCI zeigten sich in den voll adjustierten Modellen richtungskonsistente Ergebnisse. So lag für Probanden mit den höchsten Speichelvolumina eine signifikant verminderte Inzidenzrate (IRR=0,96) für den RCI vor im Vergleich zu denjenigen mit geringem Speichelvolumen. Insgesamt konnte nur bei Gegenüberstellung von Probanden mit sehr geringen sowie Probanden mit sehr hohen Speichelvolumina signifikante Assoziationen beobachtet werden, sodass die Vermutung nahe liegt, dass der Einfluss von Speichel auf Kronen- als auch Wurzelkaries vermutlich bisher überschätzt wurde.
Zusammenfassend konnte gezeigt werden, dass das Speichelvolumen durch verschiedene Faktoren, insbesondere durch die Medikamenteneinnahme, beeinflusst wird. Assoziationen zu Kronen- und Wurzelkaries waren eher fraglich, insbesondere unter Berücksichtigung der diskutierten methodischen Probleme.
Cathepsin C (syn. Dipeptidyl-Peptidase I, CTSC) ist eine lysosomale Cysteinprotease, die in zahlreichen Geweben verschiedener Spezies exprimiert wird und der eine wichtige Role bei entzündlichen Erkrankungen zugeschrieben wird. Bislang ist nicht bekannt, ob und inwieweit dies auch Bedeutung in der akuten Pankreatitis hat. Von anderen lysosomalen Enzymen wie Cathepsin B und L ist bekannt, dass sie die Aktivierung von Trypsinogen regulieren. So spaltet Cathepsin B Trypsinogen zu aktivem Trypsin, während mit Cathepsin L ein enzymatisch inaktives trunkiertes Trypsin resultiert. Das Vorhandensein von aktivem Trypsin ist eine entscheidende Voraussetzung für die kaskadenartige Aktivierung weiterer Proteasen, welche den pankreatischen Schaden bei der akuten Pankreatitis bedingen. Anhand von immunhistochemischen Färbungen, enzymatischer Messungen und Western Blot-Analysen konnte gezeigt werden, dass Cathepsin C in Azinuszellen exprimiert und ähnlich wie Cathepsin B in der Frühphase der akuten Pankreatitis intrazellulär in die Zymogenfraktion umverteilt wird. In isolierten und mit supramaximalen Konzentrationen von Cholezystokinin (1 µM) stimulierten Azinuszellen fand sich eine Zunahme der intrazellulären Aktivierung von Cathepsin C, die vergleichbar mit der Aktivität von Cathepsin B und Trypsin war. In vorbereitenden Versuchen konnten für ex-vivo Versuche in pankreatischen Azinuszellen optimale Konzentrationen eines für Cathepsin C spezifischen Substrates (Gly-Arg-AMC) und Inhibitors (Gly-Phe-CHN2) etabliert werden. Durch den Inhibitor konnte eine intrazelluläre Cathepsin C Reduktion um ca. 25% erreicht werden. Diese war begleitet mit einer Verminderung der intrazellulären Cathepsin B-Aktivität, jedoch nicht mit einer Verminderung von Trypsin oder Elastase. Auch blieb die azinäre Nekrose unverändert. Ebenso konnte ein direkter Effekt von Cathepsin C auf die Trypsinogenaktivierung in-vitro ausgeschlossen werden. Diese Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass Cathepsin C an der Aktivierung von Pro-Cathepsin B beteiligt ist. Die unveränderte Aktivierung der Zymogene sowie die nicht veränderte Nekrose der Azinuszellen deuten darauf hin, dass der pankreatische Schaden unabhängig vom in Azinuszellen exprimierten Cathepsin C sein muss. Die Ergebnisse lassen ferner vermuten, dass diese lysosomale Protease zusätzliche Effekte auf weitere Proteasen haben muss, da trotz Reduktion von Cathepsin B eine unveränderte Trypsinogenaktivierung beobachtet wurde. Diese Analysen sollen Gegenstand zukünftiger Untersuchungen sein.
Abstract
Alkali ion beams are among the most intense produced by the ISOLDE facility. These were the first to be studied by the ISOLTRAP mass spectrometer and ever since, new measurements have been regularly reported. Recently the masses of very neutron-rich and short-lived cesium isotopes were determined at ISOLTRAP. The isotope 148Cs was measured directly for the first time by Penning-trap mass spectrometry. Using the new results, the trend of two-neutron separation energies in the cesium isotopic chain is revealed to be smooth and gradually decreasing, similar to the ones of the barium and xenon isotopic chains. Predictions of selected microscopic models are employed for a discussion of the experimental data in the region.
Existing literature evidences the association between adolescents’ school self-concept and engagement, both concepts being related to students’ perception of teachers and peers as motivators. However, few longitudinal studies explore the interplay of these factors. The present study aims to close this gap, applying latent cross-lagged panel design to two-wave data from German adolescent students [1088 8th grade students at T1 (Mage = 13.7, SD = 0.53; 53.9% girls) and 845 9th grade students at T2 (Mage = 14.86; SD = 0.57; 55% girls) from the initial sample]. Besides direct effects, three cross-lagged over-time paths were found to be significant: students’ perception of peers as positive motivators (PPMs) at the beginning of 8th grade (T1) positively predicts their behavioral school engagement at the end of 9th grade (T2), as well as emotional school engagement at the beginning of 8th grade positively predicts students’ perception of PPMs 1.5 years later. Furthermore, behavioral school engagement at T1 functions as a predictor of a student’s school self-concept at T2.