Refine
Year of publication
- 2018 (250) (remove)
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (141)
- Article (108)
- Report (1)
Language
- English (152)
- German (97)
- Multiple languages (1)
Has Fulltext
- yes (250)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (250)
Keywords
- - (90)
- Staphylococcus aureus (5)
- Depression (4)
- climate change (4)
- Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (3)
- SHIP (3)
- Sepsis (3)
- Simulation (3)
- Study of Health in Pomerania (3)
- dendrochronology (3)
Institute
- Institut für Botanik und Landschaftsökologie & Botanischer Garten (16)
- Kliniken und Polikliniken für Innere Medizin (15)
- Institut für Community Medicine (13)
- Institut für Pharmazie (13)
- Abteilung für Mikrobiologie und Molekularbiologie (11)
- Institut für Biochemie (10)
- Institut für Physik (10)
- Institut für Diagnostische Radiologie und Neuroradiologie (9)
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie (8)
- Institut für Pharmakologie (7)
Publisher
- Frontiers Media S.A. (37)
- MDPI (37)
- S. Karger AG (17)
- De Gruyter (8)
- BioMed Central (BMC) (4)
- Akadémiai Kiadó (1)
- Hindawi (1)
- IOP Publishing (1)
- Nature Publishing Group (1)
- SAGE Publications (1)
Do We Need to Rethink the Epidemiology and Healthcare Utilization of Parkinson's Disease in Germany?
(2018)
Epidemiological aspects of Parkinson's disease (PD), co-occurring diseases and medical healthcare utilization of PD patients are still largely elusive. Based on claims data of 3.7 million statutory insurance members in Germany in 2015 the prevalence and incidence of PD was determined. PD cases had at least one main hospital discharge diagnosis of PD, or one physician diagnosis confirmed by a subsequent or independent diagnosis or by PD medication in 2015. Prevalence of (co-)occurring diseases, mortality, and healthcare measures in PD cases and matched controls were compared. In 2015, 21,714 prevalent PD cases (standardized prevalence: 511.4/100,000 persons) and 3,541 incident PD cases (standardized incidence: 84.1/100,000 persons) were identified. Prevalence of several (co-)occurring diseases/complications, e.g., dementia (PD/controls: 39/13%), depression (45/22%), bladder dysfunction (46/22%), and diabetes (35/31%), as well as mortality (10.7/5.8%) differed between PD cases and controls. The annual healthcare utilization was increased in PD cases compared to controls, e.g., regarding mean ± SD physician contacts (15.2 ± 7.6/12.2 ± 7.3), hospitalizations (1.3 ± 1.8/0.7 ± 1.4), drug prescriptions (overall: 37.7 ± 24.2/21.7 ± 19.6; anti-PD medication: 7.4 ± 7.4/0.1 ± 0.7), assistive/therapeutic devices (47/30%), and therapeutic remedies (57/16%). The standardized prevalence and incidence of PD in Germany as well as mortality in PD may be substantially higher than reported previously. While frequently diagnosed with co-occurring diseases/complications, such as dementia, depression, bladder dysfunction and diabetes, the degree of healthcare utilization shows large variability between PD patients. These findings encourage a rethinking of the epidemiology and healthcare utilization in PD, at least in Germany. Longitudinal studies of insurance claims data should further investigate the individual and epidemiological progression and healthcare demands in PD.
Objectives: We aimed to update the 2010 evidence- and consensus-based national clinical guideline on the diagnosis and management of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) in adult patients. Materials and Methods: An interdisciplinary group consisting of 17 representatives of 12 medical societies and a patient representative was formed. Systematic literature searches were conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library to identify literature published in 2010–2015. Results: We provide 75 recommendations and 68 statements in the updated evidence- and consensus-based national clinical guideline. The diagnostics part covers practical recommendations on cystitis and pyelonephritis for each defined patient group. Clinical examinations, as well as laboratory testing and microbiological pathogen assessment, are addressed. Conclusion: In accordance with the global antibiotic stewardship initiative and considering new insights in scientific research, we updated our German clinical UTI guideline to promote a responsible antibiotic use and to give clear hands-on recommendations for the diagnosis and management of UTIs in adults in Germany for healthcare providers and patients.
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of brivaracetam (BRV) in a severely drug refractory cohort of patients with epileptic encephalopathies (EE).
Method: A multicenter, retrospective cohort study recruiting all patients treated with EE who began treatment with BRV in an enrolling epilepsy center between 2016 and 2017.
Results: Forty-four patients (27 male [61%], mean age 29 years, range 6 to 62) were treated with BRV. The retention rate was 65% at 3 months, 52% at 6 months and 41% at 12 months. A mean retention time of 5 months resulted in a cumulative exposure to BRV of 310 months. Three patients were seizure free during the baseline. At 3 months, 20 (45%, 20/44 as per intention-to-treat analysis considering all patients that started BRV including three who were seizure free during baseline) were either seizure free (n = 4; 9%, three of them already seizure-free at baseline) or reported at least 25% (n = 4; 9%) or 50% (n = 12; 27%) reduction in seizures. An increase in seizure frequency was reported in two (5%) patients, while there was no change in the seizure frequency of the other patients. A 50% long-term responder rate was apparent in 19 patients (43%), with two (5%) free from seizures for more than six months and in nine patients (20%, with one [2 %] free from seizures) for more than 12 months. Treatment-emergent adverse events were predominantly of psychobehavioural nature and were observed in 16%.
Significance: In this retrospective analysis the rate of patients with a 50% seizure reduction under BRV proofed to be similar to those seen in regulatory trials for focal epilepsies. BRV appears to be safe and relatively well tolerated in EE and might be considered in patients with psychobehavioral adverse events while on levetiracetam.
Mast cells reside on and near the cerebral vasculature, the predominant site of pneumococcal entry into the central nervous system (CNS). Although mast cells have been reported to be crucial in protecting from systemic bacterial infections, their role in bacterial infections of the CNS remained elusive. Here, we assessed the role of mast cells in pneumococcal infection in vitro and in vivo. In introductory experiments using mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC), we found that (i) BMMC degranulate and release selected cytokines upon exposure to Streptococcus pneumoniae, (ii) the response of BMMC varies between different pneumococcal serotypes and (iii) is dependent on pneumolysin. Intriguingly though, apart from a slight enhancement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis, neither two different mast cell-deficient Kit mutant mouse strains (WBB6F1-KitW/Wv and C57BL/6 KitW-sh/W-sh mice) nor pharmacologic mast cell stabilization with cromoglycate had any significant impact on the disease phenotype of experimental pneumococcal meningitis. The incomplete reversal of the enhanced CSF pleocytosis by local mast cell engraftment suggests that this phenomenon is caused by other c-Kit mutation-related mechanisms than mast cell deficiency. In conclusion, our study suggests that mast cells can be activated by S. pneumoniae in vitro. However, mast cells do not play a significant role as sentinels of pneumococcal CSF invasion and initiators of innate immunity in vivo.
Species of the genus Wolffia are traditionally used as human food in some of the Asian countries. Therefore, all 11 species of this genus, identified by molecular barcoding, were investigated for ingredients relevant to human nutrition. The total protein content varied between 20 and 30% of the freeze-dry weight, the starch content between 10 and 20%, the fat content between 1 and 5%, and the fiber content was ~25%. The essential amino acid content was higher or close to the requirements of preschool-aged children according to standards of the World Health Organization. The fat content was low, but the fraction of polyunsaturated fatty acids was above 60% of total fat and the content of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids was higher than that of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in most species. The content of macro- and microelements (minerals) not only depended on the cultivation conditions but also on the genetic background of the species. This holds true also for the content of tocopherols, several carotenoids and phytosterols in different species and even intraspecific, clonal differences were detected in Wolffia globosa and Wolffia arrhiza. Thus, the selection of suitable clones for further applications is important. Due to the very fast growth and the highest yield in most of the nutrients, Wolffia microscopica has a high potential for practical applications in human nutrition.
Background and Aims: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare malignancies but the most common mesenchymal tumors of the digestive tract. Recent advances in diagnostic imaging and an increasing incidence will confront us more frequently with stromal tumors. This single center study aimed to characterize GIST patients in terms of tumor location, clinical presentation, metastasis formation, as well as associated secondary malignancies. Methods: In a retrospective study, 104 patients with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of GIST, collected between 1993 and 2011, were characterized for several clinical features. Results: The most common GIST location was the stomach (67.6%) followed by the small intestine (16.2%). Gastrointestinal bleeding (55.8%) and abdominal pain (38.5%) were the most frequently reported symptoms whereas about one-third of patients remained clinically asymptomatic (31.6%); 14.4% of patients had either synchronous or metachronous metastases and there was a significant prevalence also in the low risk group. The proportion of secondary malignant associated neoplasms was 31% in our GIST cohort, among which gastrointestinal, genitourinary tumors, and breast cancer were the most prevalent. Conclusion: There was a considerable risk for metastasis formation and the development of secondary neoplasias that should encourage discussion about the appropriate surveillance strategy after surgery for GIST.
Background: Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) represent a global health threat to individuals and societies. IDD prevention programmes have been introduced in many parts of the world. However, challenges remain, particularly in Europe due to fragmentation and diversity of approaches that are not harmonized. Objectives: This review is dedicated to the public-health impact of IDD prevention programmes. It sums up experiences collected by the EUthyroid consortium so far and provides information on stakeholders that should be involved in actions directed to improve the impact of IDD prevention. Methods: A joint European database for combining registry-based outcome and monitoring data as well as tools for harmonizing study methods were established. Methods for analyzing thyroglobulin from a dried blood spot are available for assessing the iodine status in the general population and at-risk groups. Mother-child cohorts are used for in-depth analysis of the potential impact of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency on the neurocognitive development of the offspring. A decision-analytic model has been developed to evaluate the long-term effectiveness and cost effectiveness of IDD prevention programmes. Results: EUthyroid has produced tools and infrastructure to improve the quality of IDD monitoring and follows a dissemination strategy targeting policymakers and the general public. There are tight connections to major stakeholders in the field of IDD monitoring and prevention. Conclusions: EUthyroid has taken steps towards achieving a euthyroid Europe. Our challenge is to inspire a greater sense of urgency in both policymakers and the wider public to address this remediable deficit caused by IDD.
Based on the latest gnomAD dataset, the prevalence of symptomatic hereditary cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) prone to cause epileptic seizures and stroke-like symptoms was re-evaluated in this review and calculated to be 1:5,400-1:6,200. Furthermore, state-of-the-art molecular genetic analyses of the known CCM loci are described which reach an almost 100% mutation detection rate for familial CCMs if whole genome sequencing is performed for seemingly mutation-negative families. An update on the spectrum of CCM1, CCM2, and CCM3 mutations demonstrates that deep-intronic mutations and submicroscopic copy-number neutral genomic rearrangements are rare. Finally, this review points to current guidelines on genetic counselling, neuroimaging, medical as well as neurosurgical treatment and highlights the formation of active patient organizations in various countries.
Background: Levels or fluctuations in the partial pressure of CO<sub>2</sub> (PCO<sub>2</sub>) may affect outcomes for extremely low birth weight infants. Objectives: In an exploratory analysis of a randomized trial, we hypothesized that the PCO<sub>2</sub> values achieved could be related to significant outcomes. Methods: On each treatment day, infants were divided into 4 groups: relative hypocapnia, normocapnia, hypercapnia, or fluctuating PCO<sub>2</sub>. Ultimate assignment to a group for the purpose of this analysis was made according to the group in which an infant spent the most days. Statistical analyses were performed with analysis of variance (ANOVA), the Kruskal-Wallis test, the χ<sup>2</sup> test, and the Fisher exact test as well as by multiple logistic regression. Results: Of the 359 infants, 57 were classified as hypocapnic, 230 as normocapnic, 70 as hypercapnic, and 2 as fluctuating PCO<sub>2</sub>. Hypercapnic infants had a higher average product of mean airway pressure and fraction of inspired oxygen (MAP × FiO<sub>2</sub>). For this group, mortality was higher, as was the likelihood of having moderate/severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and poorer neurodevelopment. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed an increased risk for BPD or death associated with birth weight (p < 0.001) and MAP × FiO<sub>2</sub> (p < 0.01). The incidence of adverse neurodevelopment was associated with birth weight (p < 0.001) and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH; p < 0.01). Conclusions: Birth weight and respiratory morbidity, as measured by MAP × FiO<sub>2</sub>, were the most predictive of death or BPD and NEC, whereas poor neurodevelopmental outcome was associated with low birth weight and IVH. Univariate models also identified PCO<sub>2</sub>. Thus, hypercapnia seems to reflect greater disease severity, a likely contributor to differences in outcomes.
The glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) not only presents the most common tumor of the central nervous system in adults, it is also the most aggressive brain tumor. Although patients suffering from GBM standardly receive a combination of multiple treatments including surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, its prognosis is still poor with a median survival time of only 12-15 months. Therefore, new and effective treatment methods are urgently needed.
A signaling molecule which is both involved in proliferation, migration and invasion of a broad range of healthy and malignant cells is the lipid mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). Previous studies have confirmed that sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor 1 (S1PR1) is involved in the regulation of proliferation, invasion, metastasis, vascular maturation and angiogenesis of GBM cells, and is closely related to the occurrence and development of tumors. Thus, ACT-209905 (provided by Actelion Pharmaceuticals) as a selective S1PR1 modulator was applied to gain insights into the molecular processes activated by S1PR1 in GBM cells using two human (LN18, U87MG) and one murine (GL261) GBM cell line.
In our in vitro cell viability analyses, we found that ACT-209905 significantly reduced viability of LN18 cells in a concentration dependent manner. A combined administration of ACT-209905 with S1PR2 inhibitors (Compound 16, Compound 16ME – both provided by ONO Pharmaceuticals, and JTE-013 – commercially available) showed a stronger effect than the single administration demonstrating that both S1PR1 and S1PR2 are involved in growth of GBM cells and may interact with each other. Our results also demonstrated that ACT-209905 can induce apoptosis in GBM cells since caspase 3 activity was induced by the S1PR1 modulator which might therefore play an important role in inhibiting the proliferation of GBM cells. Further, we found a significant inhibitory effect of ACT-209905 on the migration and invasion of LN18 and U87MG GBM cells arguing for a participation of S1PR1 signaling in migration and invasion of GBM cells, too. Stimulation of S1P receptors results in the activation of several kinases such as AKT1 and ERK1/2, correspondingly our immunoblot analyses showed a strong activation of both kinases by S1P which was reduced by ACT-209905 in LN18 cells but not in GL261 cells suggesting that different pathways are activated by S1P in these GBM cell lines. Further studies have to be performed to clarify the role of AKT1 and ERK1/2 in the inhibitory effects of ACT-209905 on GBM proliferation, migration and invasion.
Currently, GBM stem cells are discussed as a reason for resistance against the radiochemotherapy and the recurrence of the tumor. Our immunoblot analyses showed that Nestin and CD133, two marker proteins for GBM stem cells, were higher expressed in GBM cells treated with ACT-209905 compared to control or S1P treated LN18 cells. Further investigations in the future might contribute to the elucidation of an involvement of the S1P receptors in the stem cell behavior of GBM cells. Paradoxically to the up-regulation of CD133 and Nestin by ACT-209905, treatment of LN18 stem-like neurospheres with ACT-209905 showed a significant cytotoxic effect of the compound which was even more pronounced in the stem-like neurosphere cells compared to the adherent parental LN18 cells.
Overall, the studies of this work improve our understanding of the complex mechanisms of S1P signaling in GBM cells and might drive the development of its pharmacological modulation as a new therapeutic principle in GBM. Furthermore, an extended knowledge about the molecular effects of ACT-209905 on GBM cells will broaden the understanding for possible future applications and clinical indications.
In aktuellen Studien aus den letzten Jahren mehren sich die Hinweise auf metabolische Einflüsse
von Osteocalcin. Neben dem Skelettsystem scheint besonders der Energiestoffwechsel,
speziell auf der Ebene der Distribution und des Verbrauchs von Glucose mit Osteocalcin
zu interagieren. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden Blutplasma- und Urinproben von 931
gesunden Probanden mittels Massenspektrometrie (Tandem-Massenspektroskopie mit vorgeschalteter
Flüssigkeitschromatographie) auf niedermolekulare Substanzen untersucht, um
dann auf systemische Effekte von Osteocalcin zu schließen. Diese Methodik erlaubt eine
breite Untersuchung von Wirkungen von Osteocalcin in allen Organsystemen, auch in jenen,
für die bisher noch keine Interaktionen mit Osteocalcin bekannt sind. Die Berechnung eines
ersten Modells zeigte viele Zusammenhänge. Diese waren jedoch stark durch die Nierenfunktion
beeinflusst. Nach Adjustierung für die Nierenfunktion blieben insgesamt 29 signifikante
Ergebnisse erhalten. Zu diesen Ergebnissen zählten zuvorderst Zwischenprodukte des
Kollagenstoffwechsels, besonders Prolinderivate, was die Bedeutung von Osteocalcin im
Knochenstoffwechsel unterstreicht. Die weiteren Ergebnisse umfassten eine Assoziation mit
Kynurenin, ein Hinweis auf die Möglichkeit, dass Entzündungen Einflüsse auf zirkulierendes
Osteocalcin haben könnten. Weitere Hinweise auf die bereits bekannte Verknüpfung zwischen
dem Energiestoffwechsel und Osteocalcin bietet die vorliegende Studie durch die Detektion
einer Assoziation zwischen Osteocalcin und Abbauprodukten von verzweigtkettigen
Aminosäuren. Auch scheint Osteocalcin vom Lebensstil, wie beispielsweise dem Tabakrauchen,
beeinflusst zu werden. Zusammenfassend bietet die vorliegende Studie einen umfassenden
Überblick über die metabolischen Einflüsse von Osteocalcin. Darin war eine Vielzahl
von Assoziationen nachweisbar, die jedoch insgesamt für eine eher geringe Rolle von Osteocalcin
im menschlichen Stoffwechsel sprechen.
GH und sein Hauptmediator IGF-I spielen eine wichtige Rolle im Knochenstoffwechsel. Der Zusammenhang zwischen IGF-I und verminderter BMD bei Osteoporose wurde bereits vielfach untersucht. Insbesondere in Bezug auf eine mögliche geschlechtsspezifische Assoziation wurden allerdings widersprüchliche Ergebnisse gefunden. Zudem gibt es wenige Daten zu QUS-Messungen zur Bestimmung der Knochenqualität und zum IGFBP-3, welches die Bioverfügbarkeit von IGF-I reguliert. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war daher, diese Zusammenhänge in der Allgemeinbevölkerung im Nordosten Deutschlands zu untersuchten. Grundlage für die Analysen der vorliegenden Studie bildeten die Daten von 3.543 Teilnehmern (1.759 Männer und 1.784 Frauen im Alter von 20-79 Jahren) von SHIP-Trend, einer bevölkerungsbasierten Studie in der Region Vorpommern. Von allen diesen Probanden lagen Serum IGF-I und IGFBP-3 Werte ebenso wie Messwerte einer Quantitativen Ultraschallmessung am Calcaneus vor. Geschlechtsspezifische lineare und logistische Regressionsanalysen, adjustiert für Alter, Taillenumfang, Sport, Diabetes mellitus, hsCRP und Menopausenstatus (nur bei Frauen) wurden berechnet. Bei Männern wurden positive lineare Assoziationen zwischen IGF-I, der IGF-I/IGFBP-3 Ratio und den QUS Parametern SOS, BUA und dem Steifigkeitsindex beobachtet, während bei Frauen keine klaren, statistisch signifikanten Assoziationen gezeigt werden konnten. Weiterhin wurde in der logistischen Regressionsanalyse eine inverse Assoziation zwischen den IGF-I-Spiegeln und dem Risiko für eine osteoporotische Fraktur bei beiden Geschlechtern gefunden. Bei Männern konnte nach dem Abfall des IGF-I-Spiegels um eine SD eine um 18% erhöhte Wahrscheinlichkeit für ein mittleres Frakturrisiko, sowie eine um 37% höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit für ein hohes (gegenüber einem niedrigen) Frakturrisiko festgestellt werden. Bei Frauen stieg beim Absinken des IGF-I Spiegels um eine SD die Wahrscheinlichkeit für ein hohes (gegenüber einem niedrigen) osteoporotisches Frakturrisiko um 45%. Für das IGFBP-3 konnten keine Assoziationen mit den QUS Parametern oder dem Risiko für eine osteoporotische Fraktur bei beiden Geschlechtern gezeigt werden.
Insbesondere bei Männer bleibt Osteoporose oft unentdeckt. Die hier aufgezeigten Assoziationen von IGF-I mit dem Steifigkeitsindex und dem QUS-basierten Frakturrisiko könnten helfen, die Anzahl der nicht diagnostizierten Patienten mit Osteoporose, besonders bei Männern, zu senken.
Hintergrund und Ziele:
Nach Schätzung des Bundesamtes für Strahlenschutz erhielt in Deutschland im Jahr 2012 jeder Einwohner ca. 1,6 Röntgenuntersuchungen bzw. eine Strahlendosis von 1,8 mSv. Etwa ein Drittel aller Untersuchungen entfiel dabei auf den Skelettapparat. Auch die Hüftdiagnostik wird bisher primär anhand konventioneller Röntgen- oder CT-Bilder durchgeführt. Daher existieren bislang nur hierfür validierte Norm- und Referenzwerte. Da in Deutschland inzwischen fast flächendeckend die Option einer Diagnostik über die Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) vorhanden ist, besteht die Möglichkeit, Patienten ohne Strahlenbelastung zu untersuchen. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es daher eine wissenschaftliche Grundlage zur Auswertung von MRT-Bildern der Hüfte zu schaffen.
Methodik:
Zur Referenzwertbestimmung wurden der Center-Edge-Winkel (CE), der Centrum-Collum-Diaphysen-Winkel (CCD), der modifizierte Alpha-Winkel (AA), der Trianguläre Index (TI) und der Femurkopfdurchmesser (HD) an 3.226 coronalen MRT-Bildern (1.587 Männer, 1.639 Frauen) der SHIP-Studie untersucht. Des Weiteren wurden Abhängigkeiten der Winkel untereinander sowie zu somatometrischen Daten (Geschlecht, Alter, BMI, Körpergewicht, Körpergröße und Taillenumfang) analysiert. Aufgrund dieser Abhängigkeiten konnten zudem adjustierte Referenzwerte ermittelt werden. Zusätzlich wurden die Prävalenzen verschiedener Schwellenwertüberschreitungen in der Region Vorpommern bestimmt.
Ergebnisse:
Die Readerzertifizierung wurde anhand von 25 MRT-Datensätzen durchgeführt. Die nach der Bland-Altman-Methode bestimmten Qualitätsanforderungen an die Intra- und Interreader-Reliabilität wurden erfüllt.
Der aus den Messungen ermittelte durchschnittliche CE lag bei 31,1 Grad (± 7,02), der abgeleitete Normbereich, entsprechend dem 95 %-Referenzbereich (Mittelwert ± 1,96 * SD), bei 17,6 – 44,9 Grad. Für den CCD ergab sich ein Mittelwert von 126,9 Grad (± 6,66), der abgeleitete Normbereich betrug 113,9 – 140,0 Grad. Beim modifizierten AA wurde ein mittlerer Wert von 54,5 Grad (± 8,15) sowie ein Referenzbereich von 38,5 – 70,5 Grad gefunden. Im Mittel konnte für den TI -2,29 mm (± 0,667) errechnet werden, der HD betrug durchschnittlich 44,6 mm (± 3,94).
Unter den gemessenen Hüftparametern fanden sich, außer zwischen CE und AA bzw. TI sowie zwischen HD und CCE bzw. TI, auffällige Zusammenhänge. Die dabei ermittelten Effekte zwischen den Winkeln waren jedoch überwiegend geringer als die von somatometrischen Parametern. Hierbei waren die Effekte von Geschlecht und Alter auf die ermittelten Hüftparameter am größten. Deshalb wurden für CE, CCD und AA darauf adjustierte Referenzwerte ermittelt.
Die hier ermittelten Prävalenzen der Schwellenwertüberschreitungen umfassen einen großen Bereich, da derzeit unterschiedlichste Schwellenwerte Anwendung finden.
Schlussfolgerung:
In der Hüftdiagnostik an MRT-Daten können der CE, der CCD, der modifizierte AA, der TI, und der HD verlässlich bestimmt werden. Die hier ermittelten Messwerte der MRT-Diagnostik stimmen im Wesentlichen mit den etablierten Normwerten der röntgenologischen und computertomographischen Bildgebung überein. Die erwarteten Abhängigkeiten der ermittelten Parameter untereinander sowie mit somatometrischen Parametern sind zum großen Teil gegeben. Zur genaueren Interpretation der Werte sollte aufgrund der Abhängigkeiten adjustierte Referenzwerte verwendet werden. Die Ergebnisse gelten für eine norddeutsche Population. Für allgemeingültige Normwerte sollte die Bevölkerung weiterer Regionen und Ethnien untersucht werden.
Das klinische Bild der Sepsis, des septischen Schockes und des Multiorganversagens sind nach wie vor Krankheitsbilder, wie sie auf Intensivstationen vorzufinden sind und häufig mit einer hohen Letalität assoziiert sind. Die Störung bzw. das Versagen der Mikrozirkulation ist und bleibt einer der Hauptmechanismen als Ursache dafür [1]. Die Zielsetzung der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, einen auf Zellebene beschriebenen Weg auf ein in vivo Tiermodell zu übertragen. Der bereits beschriebene Weg besagt, dass die Hemmung der Src-Tyrosinkinase durch das synthetische PP2, eine Reduktion der proinflammatorischen Zytokine zur Folge hat. Dieses sollte die Mikrozirkulation verbessern. In der vorliegenden Versuchsreihe wurde dafür ein bereits gut etablierter Versuchsablauf der experimentellen Endotoxinämie mit anschließender Intravitalmikroskopie am Tiermodell Ratte verwendet
In der vorliegenden Arbeit hat sich gezeigt, dass sich unter experimenteller Endotoxinämie sowie unter der Verwendung von PP2 bei einer Dosierung von 0,2mg/kg KG, die Mikrozirkulation signifikant verschlechtert. Dies wird bei Betrachtung der funktionellen Kapillardichten besonders deutlich. Im Vergleich der beiden endotoxiämischen Gruppen kann bei der Gruppe, die PP2 erhalten hat, ein Abfall der FCD von 47,8% für die Lamina longitudinalis und 25,5% für die Lamina circularis zu der Gruppe, die kein PP2 erhalten hat, festgestellt werden. Folglich ist es umgekehrt bei der Betrachtung der DFCD. Hierbei kann bei der Gruppe, welche LPS und PP2 erhalten hat, ein Anstieg von 30,27% für die Lamina longitudinalis bzw. 28,2% für die Lamina circularis, im Vergleich zu der Gruppe, der nur LPS appliziert wurde, beobachtet werden. In Bezug auf die NFCD zeigt sich ebenfalls ein Anstieg bei der Gruppe, die LPS und PP2 erhalten hat, jedoch ist dieser nicht signifikant.
Zudem zeigt sich eine Steigerung der Leukozyteninteraktion bei Endotoxinämie und zusätzlicher Verwendung von PP2 in den postkapillären Venolen 1. und 3. Ordnung. Dabei zeigt sich ein Anstieg der Leukozyten mit temporärer Adhäsion von 112,9% bei Venolen 1. Ordnung und 95% bei Venolen 3. Ordnung. Allerdings befindet sich der Mittelwert in jeder Gruppe bei <10 Leukozyten im Beobachtungszeitraum. Bei der permanenten Leukozytenadhäsion hingegen können keine signifikanten Unterschiede bei der Verwendung von PP2 beobachtet werden. Weiterhin zeigte sich bei der Verwendung von PP2 ein signifikanter Anstieg der Lactatkonzentration von 16,35%, wenn zuvor LPS gegeben worden ist. In der Untersuchung der Zytokine zeigten sich Veränderungen zwischen den Gruppen mit und ohne Endotoxinämie. Die Verwendung von PP2 ist dabei irrelevant.
Anomalous Nernst effect and three-dimensional
temperature gradients in magnetic tunnel junctions
(2018)
A Metabolic Labeling Strategy for Relative Protein Quantification in Clostridioides difficile
(2018)
Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy Shows Potential Structural White Matter Abnormalities: A TBSS Study
(2018)
Mendelian randomization (MR) is a framework for assessing causal inference using cross-sectional data in combination with genetic information. This paper summarizes statistical methods commonly applied and strait forward to use for conducting MR analyses including those taking advantage of the rich dataset of SNP-trait associations that were revealed in the last decade through large-scale genome-wide association studies. Using these data, powerful MR studies are possible. However, the causal estimate may be biased in case the assumptions of MR are violated. The source and the type of this bias are described while providing a summary of the mathematical formulas that should help estimating the magnitude and direction of the potential bias depending on the specific research setting. Finally, methods for relaxing the assumptions and for conducting sensitivity analyses are discussed. Future researches in the field of MR include the assessment of non-linear causal effects, and automatic detection of invalid instruments.
Two decades of research indicate that visual processing is typically enhanced for items that are in the space near the hands (near-hand space). Enhanced attention and cognitive control have been thought to be responsible for the observed effects, amongst others. As accumulating experimental evidence and recent theories of dual-tasking suggest an involvement of cognitive control and attentional processes during dual tasking, dual-task performance may be modulated in the near-hand space. Therefore, we performed a series of three experiments that aimed to test if the near-hand space affects the shift between task-component processing in two visual-manual tasks. We applied a Psychological Refractory Period Paradigm (PRP) with varying stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA) and manipulated stimulus-hand proximity by placing hands either on the side of a computer screen (near-hand condition) or on the lap (far-hand condition). In Experiment 1, Task 1 was a number categorization task (odd vs. even) and Task 2 was a letter categorization task (vowel vs. consonant). Stimulus presentation was spatially segregated with Stimulus 1 presented on the right side of the screen, appearing first and then Stimulus 2, presented on the left side of the screen, appearing second. In Experiment 2, we replaced Task 2 with a color categorization task (orange vs. blue). In Experiment 3, Stimulus 1 and Stimulus 2 were centrally presented as a single bivalent stimulus. The classic PRP effect was shown in all three experiments, with Task 2 performance declining at short SOA while Task 1 performance being relatively unaffected by task-overlap. In none of the three experiments did stimulus-hand proximity affect the size of the PRP effect. Our results indicate that the switching operation between two tasks in the PRP paradigm is neither optimized nor disturbed by being processed in near-hand space.
Quantitative reconstructions of past vegetation cover commonly require pollen productivity estimates (PPEs). PPEs are calibrated in extensive and rather cumbersome surface-sample studies, and are so far only available for selected regions. Moreover, it may be questioned whether present-day pollen-landcover relationships are valid for palaeo-situations. We here introduce the ROPES approach that simultaneously derives PPEs and mean plant abundances from single pollen records. ROPES requires pollen counts and pollen accumulation rates (PARs, grains cm−2 year−1). Pollen counts are used to reconstruct plant abundances following the REVEALS approach. The principle of ROPES is that changes in plant abundance are linearly represented in observed PAR values. For example, if the PAR of pine doubles, so should the REVEALS reconstructed abundance of pine. Consequently, if a REVEALS reconstruction is “correct” (i.e., “correct” PPEs are used) the ratio “PAR over REVEALS” is constant for each taxon along all samples of a record. With incorrect PPEs, the ratio will instead vary. ROPES starts from random (likely incorrect) PPEs, but then adjusts them using an optimization algorithm with the aim to minimize variation in the “PAR over REVEALS” ratio across the record. ROPES thus simultaneously calculates mean plant abundances and PPEs. We illustrate the approach with test applications on nine synthetic pollen records. The results show that good performance of ROPES requires data sets with high underlying variation, many samples and low noise in the PAR data. ROPES can deliver first landcover reconstructions in regions for which PPEs are not yet available. The PPEs provided by ROPES may then allow for further REVEALS-based reconstructions. Similarly, ROPES can provide insight in pollen productivity during distinct periods of the past such as the Lateglacial. We see a potential to study spatial and temporal variation in pollen productivity for example in relation to site parameters, climate and land use. It may even be possible to detect expansion of non-pollen producing areas in a landscape. Overall, ROPES will help produce more accurate landcover reconstructions and expand reconstructions into new study regions and non-analog situations of the past. ROPES is available within the R package DISQOVER.
Intranasal Vaccination With Lipoproteins Confers Protection Against Pneumococcal Colonisation
(2018)
Streptococcus pneumoniae is endowed with a variety of surface-exposed proteins representing putative vaccine candidates. Lipoproteins are covalently anchored to the cell membrane and highly conserved among pneumococcal serotypes. Here, we evaluated these lipoproteins for their immunogenicity and protective potential against pneumococcal colonisation. A multiplex-based immunoproteomics approach revealed the immunogenicity of selected lipoproteins. High antibody titres were measured in sera from mice immunised with the lipoproteins MetQ, PnrA, PsaA, and DacB. An analysis of convalescent patient sera confirmed the immunogenicity of these lipoproteins. Examining the surface localisation and accessibility of the lipoproteins using flow cytometry indicated that PnrA and DacB were highly abundant on the surface of the bacteria. Mice were immunised intranasally with PnrA, DacB, and MetQ using cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) as an adjuvant, followed by an intranasal challenge with S. pneumoniae D39. PnrA protected the mice from pneumococcal colonisation. For the immunisation with DacB and MetQ, a trend in reducing the bacterial load could be observed, although this effect was not statistically significant. The reduction in bacterial colonisation was correlated with the increased production of antigen-specific IL-17A in the nasal cavity. Immunisation induced high systemic IgG levels with a predominance for the IgG1 isotype, except for DacB, where IgG levels were substantially lower compared to MetQ and PnrA. Our results indicate that lipoproteins are interesting targets for future vaccine strategies as they are highly conserved, abundant, and immunogenic.
Tuberculosis (TB) has tremendous public health relevance. It most frequently affects the lung and is characterized by the development of unique tissue lesions, termed granulomas. These lesions encompass various immune populations, with macrophages being most extensively investigated. Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have been recently identified in TB patients, both in the circulation and at the site of infection, however their interactions with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and their impact on granulomas remain undefined. We generated human monocytic MDSCs and observed that their suppressive capacities are retained upon Mtb infection. We employed an in vitro granuloma model, which mimics human TB lesions to some extent, with the aim of analyzing the roles of MDSCs within granulomas. MDSCs altered the structure of and affected bacterial containment within granuloma-like structures. These effects were partly controlled through highly abundant secreted IL-10. Compared to macrophages, MDSCs activated primarily the NF-κB and MAPK pathways and the latter largely contributed to the release of IL-10 and replication of bacteria within in vitro generated granulomas. Moreover, MDSCs upregulated PD-L1 and suppressed proliferation of lymphocytes, albeit with negligible effects on Mtb replication. Further comprehensive characterization of MDSCs in TB will contribute to a better understanding of disease pathogenesis and facilitate the design of novel immune-based interventions for this deadly infection.
Platelets transfusion is a safe process, but during or after the process, the recipient may experience an adverse reaction and occasionally a serious adverse reaction (SAR). In this review, we focus on the inflammatory potential of platelet components (PCs) and their involvement in SARs. Recent evidence has highlighted a central role for platelets in the host inflammatory and immune responses. Blood platelets are involved in inflammation and various other aspects of innate immunity through the release of a plethora of immunomodulatory cytokines, chemokines, and associated molecules, collectively termed biological response modifiers that behave like ligands for endothelial and leukocyte receptors and for platelets themselves. The involvement of PCs in SARs—particularly on a critically ill patient’s context—could be related, at least in part, to the inflammatory functions of platelets, acquired during storage lesions. Moreover, we focus on causal link between platelet activation and immune-mediated disorders (transfusion-associated immunomodulation, platelets, polyanions, and bacterial defense and alloimmunization). This is linked to the platelets’ propensity to be activated even in the absence of deliberate stimuli and to the occurrence of time-dependent storage lesions.
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) latency is typically harmless but reactivation can be largely detrimental to immune compromised hosts. We modeled latency and reactivation using a traceable HCMV laboratory strain expressing the Gaussia luciferase reporter gene (HCMV/GLuc) in order to interrogate the viral modulatory effects on the human adaptive immunity. Humanized mice with long-term (more than 17 weeks) steady human T and B cell immune reconstitutions were infected with HCMV/GLuc and 7 weeks later were further treated with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to induce viral reactivations. Whole body bio-luminescence imaging analyses clearly differentiated mice with latent viral infections vs. reactivations. Foci of vigorous viral reactivations were detectable in liver, lymph nodes and salivary glands. The number of viral genome copies in various tissues increased upon reactivations and were detectable in sorted human CD14+, CD169+, and CD34+ cells. Compared with non-infected controls, mice after infections and reactivations showed higher thymopoiesis, systemic expansion of Th, CTL, Treg, and Tfh cells and functional antiviral T cell responses. Latent infections promoted vast development of memory CD4+ T cells while reactivations triggered a shift toward effector T cells expressing PD-1. Further, reactivations prompted a marked development of B cells, maturation of IgG+ plasma cells, and HCMV-specific antibody responses. Multivariate statistical methods were employed using T and B cell immune phenotypic profiles obtained with cells from several tissues of individual mice. The data was used to identify combinations of markers that could predict an HCMV infection vs. reactivation status. In spleen, but not in lymph nodes, higher frequencies of effector CD4+ T cells expressing PD-1 were among the factors most suited to distinguish HCMV reactivations from infections. These results suggest a shift from a T cell dominated immune response during latent infections toward an exhausted T cell phenotype and active humoral immune response upon reactivations. In sum, this novel in vivo humanized model combined with advanced analyses highlights a dynamic system clearly specifying the immunological spatial signatures of HCMV latency and reactivations. These signatures can be merged as predictive biomarker clusters that can be applied in the clinical translation of new therapies for the control of HCMV reactivation.