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Intranasal Vaccination With Lipoproteins Confers Protection Against Pneumococcal Colonisation
(2018)
Streptococcus pneumoniae is endowed with a variety of surface-exposed proteins representing putative vaccine candidates. Lipoproteins are covalently anchored to the cell membrane and highly conserved among pneumococcal serotypes. Here, we evaluated these lipoproteins for their immunogenicity and protective potential against pneumococcal colonisation. A multiplex-based immunoproteomics approach revealed the immunogenicity of selected lipoproteins. High antibody titres were measured in sera from mice immunised with the lipoproteins MetQ, PnrA, PsaA, and DacB. An analysis of convalescent patient sera confirmed the immunogenicity of these lipoproteins. Examining the surface localisation and accessibility of the lipoproteins using flow cytometry indicated that PnrA and DacB were highly abundant on the surface of the bacteria. Mice were immunised intranasally with PnrA, DacB, and MetQ using cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) as an adjuvant, followed by an intranasal challenge with S. pneumoniae D39. PnrA protected the mice from pneumococcal colonisation. For the immunisation with DacB and MetQ, a trend in reducing the bacterial load could be observed, although this effect was not statistically significant. The reduction in bacterial colonisation was correlated with the increased production of antigen-specific IL-17A in the nasal cavity. Immunisation induced high systemic IgG levels with a predominance for the IgG1 isotype, except for DacB, where IgG levels were substantially lower compared to MetQ and PnrA. Our results indicate that lipoproteins are interesting targets for future vaccine strategies as they are highly conserved, abundant, and immunogenic.
The obligate anaerobe, spore forming bacterium Clostridioides difficile (formerly Clostridium difficile) causes nosocomial and community acquired diarrhea often associated with antibiotic therapy. Major virulence factors of the bacterium are the two large clostridial toxins TcdA and TcdB. The production of both toxins was found strongly connected to the metabolism and the nutritional status of the growth environment. Here, we systematically investigated the changes of the gene regulatory, proteomic and metabolic networks of C. difficile 630Δerm underlying the adaptation to the non-growing state in the stationary phase. Integrated data from time-resolved transcriptome, proteome and metabolome investigations performed under defined growth conditions uncovered multiple adaptation strategies. Overall changes in the cellular processes included the downregulation of ribosome production, lipid metabolism, cold shock proteins, spermine biosynthesis, and glycolysis and in the later stages of riboflavin and coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis. In contrast, different chaperones, several fermentation pathways, and cysteine, serine, and pantothenate biosynthesis were found upregulated. Focusing on the Stickland amino acid fermentation and the central carbon metabolism, we discovered the ability of C. difficile to replenish its favored amino acid cysteine by a pathway starting from the glycolytic 3-phosphoglycerate via L-serine as intermediate. Following the growth course, the reductive equivalent pathways used were sequentially shifted from proline via leucine/phenylalanine to the central carbon metabolism first to butanoate fermentation and then further to lactate fermentation. The toxin production was found correlated mainly to fluxes of the central carbon metabolism. Toxin formation in the supernatant was detected when the flux changed from butanoate to lactate synthesis in the late stationary phase. The holistic view derived from the combination of transcriptome, proteome and metabolome data allowed us to uncover the major metabolic strategies that are used by the clostridial cells to maintain its cellular homeostasis and ensure survival under starvation conditions.
Ziel dieser Untersuchung sollte eine Validierung der Sehschärfeprüfung mit einem modifizierten Optotypen sein, um Simulation und Aggravation im gutachterlichen Sehtest aufzudecken. Dieses Testverfahren wurde hier nicht an simulierenden, sondern an wahrheitsgemäß antwortenden Probanden erprobt, um deren Verhalten auf besondere Optotypen bei einem Sehtest standardisiert zu evaluieren.
Background: Biomarkers for gains of evidence based interventions for upper limb motor training in the subacute stage following stroke have rarely been described. Information about these parameters might help to identify patients who benefit from specific interventions and to determine individually expected behavioral gains for a certain period of therapy.
Objective: To evaluate predictors for hand motor outcome after arm ability training in the subacute stage after stroke selected from known potentially relevant parameters (initial motor strength, structural integrity of the pyramidal tract and functional motor cortex integrity).
Methods: We applied the arm ability training (AAT) over 3 weeks to a subpopulation of stroke patients with mild arm paresis, i.e., in 14 patients on average 4 weeks after stroke. The following biomarkers were measured before therapy onset: grip strength on the affected hand, transcranial magnetic stimulation recruitment curve steepness over the primary motor hand area [slope ratio between the ipsilesional hemisphere (IH) and contralesional hemisphere (CH)], and diffusion weighted MRI fractional anisotropy (FA) in the posterior limb of the internal capsule (PLIC; determined as a lateralization index between IH and CH). Outcome was assessed as the AATgain (percentage improvement over training). The “Test d'Evaluation des Membres Supérieurs de Personnes Âgées” (TEMPA) was assessed before and after training to test for possible associations of AAT with activity of daily living.
Results: A stepwise linear regression identified the lateralization index of PLIC FA as the only significant predictor for AAT-gain (R2 = 0.519; P = 0.029). AAT-gain was positively associated (r = 0.59; P = 0.028) with improvement in arm function during daily activities (TEMPA).
Conclusions: While all mildly affected patients achieved a clinically relevant therapeutic effect, pyramidal tract integrity nevertheless had a modifying role for clinical benefit.
Tree growth at northern boreal treelines is generally limited by summer temperature, hence tree rings serve as natural archives of past climatic conditions. However, there is increasing evidence that a changing summer climate as well as certain micro-site conditions can lead to a weakening or loss of the summer temperature signal in trees growing in treeline environments. This phenomenon poses a challenge to all applications relying on stable temperature-growth relationships such as temperature reconstructions and dynamic vegetation models. We tested the effect of differing ecological and climatological conditions on the summer temperature signal of Scots pine at its northern distribution limits by analyzing twelve sites distributed along a 2200 km gradient from Finland to Western Siberia (Russia). Two frequently used proxies in dendroclimatology, ring width and maximum latewood density, were correlated with summer temperature for the period 1901–2013 separately for (i) dry vs. wet micro-sites and (ii) years with dry/warm vs. wet/cold climate regimes prevailing during the growing season. Differing climate regimes significantly affected the temperature signal of Scots pine at about half of our sites: While correlations were stronger in wet/cold than in dry/warm years at most sites located in Russia, differing climate regimes had only little effect at Finnish sites. Both tree-ring proxies were affected in a similar way. Interestingly, micro-site differences significantly affected absolute tree growth, but had only minor effects on the climatic signal at our sites. We conclude that, despite the treeline-proximal location, growth-limiting conditions seem to be exceeded in dry/warm years at most Russian sites, leading to a weakening or loss of the summer temperature signal in Scots pine here. With projected temperature increase, unstable summer temperature signals in Scots pine tree rings might become more frequent, possibly affecting dendroclimatological applications and related fields.
Hintergrund:
Geschlecht und Gender sind nicht nebensächlich, sondern spielen eine relevante Rolle in der kindlichen Entwicklung, Erziehung und Gesundheit. Die Diskurse um Geschlecht und Gleichstellung lassen hingegen häufig den durchschnittlichen Reifungsvorsprung der Mädchen außer Acht. Auf diese Weise wird die Kluft zwischen den Geschlechtern bereits im Vorschulalter in beunruhigendem Maße betont. Durch die dichotome Geschlechterperspektive geraten außerdem andere entscheidende Einflussfaktoren wie die soziale und die ethnische Herkunft der Kinder in den Hintergrund. Diese Dissertation setzt den Schwerpunkt daher auf eine angemessene Analyse der Kategorie Geschlecht in ihrer immerwährenden Interaktion mit Anlage und Umwelt.
Methoden:
Die Betrachtungen beruhen auf Daten zu N = 6.447 Kindergartenkindern aus Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (M-V), die im Rahmen der kontrollierten prospektiven Kohortenstudie „Summative Evaluation KiföG M-V“ erhoben wurden. Zur Einschätzung kindlicher Kompetenzen kam das „Dortmunder Entwicklungsscreening für den Kindergarten“ (DESK 3-6) zur Anwendung; weiterhin wurde ein Elternfragebogen zur Erhebung des Sozialstatus eingesetzt. Auf der Grundlage geschlechtsinsensibler Normen erfolgte die Ermittlung kompetenzspezifischer Geschlechtsunterschiede in Abhängigkeit vom Kindesalter, vom Bildungshintergrund und vom Migrationsstatus. Geschlechtsspezifische Normen fanden anschließend Anwendung für die erneute Errechnung der Screeningbefunde von n = 4.251 Kindern im Alter von 48 bis 83 Monaten. Das Effektstärkemaß Cohen’s d diente dabei der Beurteilung der praktischen Relevanz der Geschlechterdifferenzen.
Ergebnisse:
Unter Anwendung der geschlechtsinsensiblen Gesamtnormen schnitten die Jungen jeden Alters schlechter ab – in allen Entwicklungsbereichen und unabhängig vom Kindesalter, vom Bildungshintergrund und vom Migrationsstatus manifestierten sich stets Geschlechtsunterschiede zugunsten der Mädchen. Diese Differenzen vergrößerten sich meist mit zunehmendem Alter und waren stellenweise stärker ausgeprägt bei Kindern aus bildungsnahen Elternhäusern bzw. bei Kindern nicht-deutscher Nationalität. Analysen auf der Grundlage geschlechtsspezifischer Normen ergaben allerdings ein andersartiges, buntes Bild und keine konsistenten Vorteile für ein Geschlecht: Die Unterschiede zwischen Mädchen und Jungen waren alles in allem nicht pädagogisch und praktisch bedeutsam, die Stärken und Schwächen geschlechtstypisch, aber nicht geschlechtsspezifisch verteilt. Die Berücksichtigung geschlechtsbedingter Besonderheiten hatte auch auf die Ermittlung von Entwicklungsrisiken im feinmotorischen und im psychosozialen Bereich einen Einfluss: Die Prävalenzraten wurden dabei durch die geschlechtsinsensiblen Normen für Mädchen mehrheitlich unterschätzt, für Jungen überschätzt.
Schlussfolgerungen:
Die besondere Beachtung geschlechtsspezifischer Entwicklungsaufgaben und Entwicklungsbedingungen entschärft einerseits die „Jungenkrise“ und ermöglicht andererseits eine erweiterte, eine biopsychosoziale Perspektive: Die Unterschiede in den Lernwelten und Lebenswegen von Mädchen und Jungen sind nicht monokausal, sondern multidimensional zu erklären. Statt die Geschlechter gegeneinander auszuspielen, sollte deshalb das Augenmerk auf der Koexistenz von Stärken und Schwächen innerhalb der Geschlechter liegen. Differenzierungen und Diversitäten müssen dringend den Platz von Pauschalisierungen einnehmen, um Behinderungen durch Begriffe und Bilder von Geschlecht gewissenhaft zu umgehen und in angemessener Art und Weise auf ethnische und soziale Herkunft Rücksicht zu nehmen. Im Sinne der Strategien des „Gender Mainstreaming“ und „Managing Diversity“ werden so intersektionale, interdisziplinäre Maßnahmen für mehr Chancengleichheit ins Rollen gebracht. Für frühzeitige Förderung und Frühintervention erscheint entsprechend ein Fokus auf Fähigkeiten und Fertigkeiten statt allein auf Geschlecht und Gender vielversprechend. Kompetenzspezifische, kompensatorische, kultursensible Präventionsansätze bieten die beste Chance, bereits bei Kindergartenkindern die Divergenzen nicht nur im Hinblick auf Geschlecht und Gender, sondern auch auf Ethnizität und Milieu zu verringern.