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Introduction: It has been shown that Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is accompanied by marked structural brain changes that can be detected several years before clinical diagnosis via structural magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. In this study, we developed a structural MR-based biomarker for in vivo detection of AD using a supervised machine learning approach. Based on an individual’s pattern of brain atrophy a continuous AD score is assigned which measures the similarity with brain atrophy patterns seen in clinical cases of AD.
Methods: The underlying statistical model was trained with MR scans of patients and healthy controls from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI-1 screening). Validation was performed within ADNI-1 and in an independent patient sample from the Open Access Series of Imaging Studies (OASIS-1). In addition, our analyses included data from a large general population sample of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-Trend).
Results: Based on the proposed AD score we were able to differentiate patients from healthy controls in ADNI-1 and OASIS-1 with an accuracy of 89% (AUC = 95%) and 87% (AUC = 93%), respectively. Moreover, we found the AD score to be significantly associated with cognitive functioning as assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination in the OASIS-1 sample after correcting for diagnosis, age, sex, age·sex, and total intracranial volume (Cohen’s f2 = 0.13). Additional analyses showed that the prediction accuracy of AD status based on both the AD score and the MMSE score is significantly higher than when using just one of them. In SHIP-Trend we found the AD score to be weakly but significantly associated with a test of verbal memory consisting of an immediate and a delayed word list recall (again after correcting for age, sex, age·sex, and total intracranial volume, Cohen’s f2 = 0.009). This association was mainly driven by the immediate recall performance.
Discussion: In summary, our proposed biomarker well differentiated between patients and healthy controls in an independent test sample. It was associated with measures of cognitive functioning both in a patient sample and a general population sample. Our approach might be useful for defining robust MR-based biomarkers for other neurodegenerative diseases, too.
Background: A telemedicine care concept based on telephone contacts and individualized text messages was developed for patients with mental disorders to continue treatment after therapy in a psychiatric day hospital. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the telemedicine interventions. Methods: The study had a 3-armed, randomized design with 2 intervention arms (intervention 1: telephone contacts; intervention 2: telephone contacts and short text messages; both took place over a period of 6 months and in addition to usual care), and a control group with usual care. Primary outcomes were 18-item Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-18) scores for anxiety, depression and somatization. All participants were recruited from psychiatric day hospitals. The study was registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00000662). Results: 113 participants were analyzed 6 months after starting the intervention. The average BSI-18 anxiety score after 6 months was -2.04 points lower in intervention group 2 than in the control group (p value: 0.042). The difference in BSI depression score between these two groups was marginally significant (p value: 0.1), with an average treatment effect of -1.73. In an exploratory sensitivity analysis restricted to the 75% of patients with the highest symptom scores at baseline, intervention group 1 yielded a significant effect for anxiety and depression compared to the control group (p = 0.036 and 0.046, respectively). Conclusions: Telemedicine provides a novel option in psychiatric ambulatory care with statistically significant effects on anxiety. A positive tendency was observed for depression, especially in cases with higher symptom load at baseline.
Adjuvante Poetry-Therapie in der Psychiatrie : eine Analyse von 50 Poetry-Gruppentherapiesitzungen
(2015)
Problem: In dieser Doktorarbeit werden 50 protokollierte Gruppentherapiestunden in der Psychiatrie aus den Jahren 1985 bis 1987 von SCHRÖDER (unveröff.), in denen Poetry-Therapie (PT) angewendet wird, in mehreren Ebenen analysiert. Methode: Die ersten 25 PT-Gruppenstunden werden in der geschlossenen Psychiatrie, die letzten 25 Stunden in der offenen Psychiatrie durchgeführt. Nach dem reihum Vorlesen eines vom Therapeutenteam ausgewählten dichterischen Textes folgt ein teils freies, teils vom Gruppentherapeuten strukturiertes Gruppengespräch über den zuvor gelesen Text. Währenddessen protokolliert der Gruppentherapeut anfangs schematisch, in späteren Stunden detailliert das PT-Gruppengespräch. Der PT-Gruppenstunde schließt sich eine ca. 15minütige Therapeutenteambesprechung ohne Anwesenheit der Patienten an. In den Gesprächsprotokollen lässt sich ein regelmäßiger PT-Gruppengesprächsverlauf beobachten, der in dieser Arbeit zu der Entwicklung einer Fünf-Phasen-Regel führt: Phase 1: Interpretation des Textes, Phase 2: Bewertung des Textes oder des Protagonisten, Phase 3: Einbringen von eigenen Erlebnissen in Bezug auf Inhalt des Textes, Phase 4: Gruppengespräch löst sich vom Text, Phase 5: Austausch von Erfahrungen, Gefühlen, Meinungen, Erinnerungen, Wünschen und Hoffnungen unabhängig vom Text. Des Weiteren ist bei der Bearbeitung der Gesprächsprotokolle eine Klassifizierung der ausgewählten Texte entstanden: in sehr gute, gute, mittelmäßige PT-Literatur. Die Einteilung erfolgt anhand von 10 Bewertungskriterien. Abschließend wird mithilfe der statistischen Tests von Kendalls Tau und Goodman und Kruskals Gamma überprüft, ob eine Korrelation zwischen der Literaturklassifizierung und der Fünf-Phasen-Regel existiert. Ergebnis: Es werden die einzelnen PT-Texte, die Gruppentherapieverläufe, die anschließende Teambesprechung sowie tabellarisch das Erreichen der verschiedenen Gesprächsphasen mit Gesprächsauszügen dargestellt. 75% der sehr gut geeigneten Literatur, 64% der gut geeigneten und 45% der mittelmäßig geeigneten Literatur führen zu einer guten Entwicklung des Gesprächs (Gesprächsphasen 4 und 5). 25% der sehr guten Literatur, 36% der guten und 54% der mittelmäßig geeigneten Literatur führen zu gering entwickelten Gesprächen (Gesprächsphasen 2 und 3). Es zeigt sich keine statistisch signifikante Korrelation zwischen angewendeter Literaturklassifizierung und Gesprächsentwicklung nach der Fünf- Phasen-Regel. Diskussion: Eine solche oder ähnliche Einteilung bei angewendeter dichterischer PT findet sich bisher nicht in der Literatur, wohl aber testpsychologische Untersuchungen, die einen Erfolg adjuvanter PT mit verhaltenstherapeutischen Texten in der Behandlung z.B. von Depression, von Panikstörungen und zur Suizidprophylaxe, etc. verzeichnen. Aufgrund von Effektivität und Kostenersparnis sollte über einen breiteren Gebrauch von adjuvanter Poetry-Therapie in Deutschland nachgedacht werden.
Background: Alexithymia is a personality trait characterized by difficulties in identifying and describing emotions and associated with various psychiatric disorders. Neuroimaging studies found evidence for morphological and functional brain alterations in alexithymic subjects. However, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying alexithymia remain incompletely understood. Methods: We study the association of alexithymia with cortical correlation networks in a large community-dwelling sample of the Study of Health in Pomerania. Our analysis includes data of n = 2,199 individuals (49.4% females, age = 52.1 ± 13.6 years) which were divided into a low and high alexithymic group by a median split of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Cortical correlation networks were constructed based on the mean thicknesses of 68 regions, and differences in centralities were investigated. Results: We found a significantly increased centrality of the right paracentral lobule in the high alexithymia network after correction for multiple testing. Several other regions with motoric and sensory functions showed altered centrality on a nominally significant level. Conclusions: Finding increased centrality of the paracentral lobule, a brain area with sensory as well as motoric features and involvement in bowel and bladder voiding, may contribute to explain the association of alexithymia with functional somatic disorders and chronic pain syndromes.
Hintergrund: Die vorliegende Arbeit setzt sich mit dem Auftreten von Alexithymie bei Zwangspatienten und deren erstgradigen Angehörigen unter Berücksichtigung komorbider Erkrankungen auseinander. Einige Studien beschreiben bereits eine Assoziation zwischen Alexithymie und Zwangsstörung. Unbeantwortet bleibt aber bisher die Frage, ob und in welchem Maße alexithyme Charakterzüge bei Zwangspatienten auf ein familiäres Defizit im kognitiven Verarbeiten und Ausdrücken von Gefühlen zurückzuführen sind. Folgende Hypothesen liegen den Untersuchungen zugrunde: Zwangspatienten zeigen im Vergleich zu gesunden Kontrollprobanden verstärkt alexithyme Züge, ungeachtet vorhandener komorbider Erkrankungen. Auch ihre erstgradigen Angehörigen sind in höherem Maße alexithym als die Angehörigen von Kontrollprobanden. Die TAS-20-Werte sind innerhalb der Familien korreliert. Methode: Aus dem Projekt „German Epidemiologic Network for OCD-Studies“ (GENOS) wurden 82 Zwangsprobanden mit 169 erstgradigen Angehörigen 76 Kontrollprobanden mit 144 erstgradigen Angehörigen gegenübergestellt. Von diesen Probanden lagen die Toronto-Alexithymie-Skala (TAS-20) und das PADUA-Inventory (PI-WSUR) vor. Die direkten Interviews wurden mit der „Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia - Lifetime Anxiety for the assessment of DSM-IV diagnoses“ (SADS-LA-IV) und die Fremdbefragungen mit dem „Instrument Family Informant Schedule and Criteria“ (FISC) in den jeweiligen deutschen Übersetzungen durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Es zeigten sich signifikant erhöhte Alexithymiewerte bei den Zwangsprobanden gegenüber den Kontrollprobanden. Die TAS-20-Werte der erstgradigen Zwangsangehörigen, der Kontrollprobanden und deren erstgradigen Angehörigen wiesen keine signifikanten Unterschiede auf. Das Vorhandensein komorbider Erkrankungen hatte keinen Einfluss auf diese Ergebnisse. In linearen Regressionsanalysen konnte eine signifikante intrafamiliäre Assoziation der TAS-20-Werte in den Kontrollfamilien, nicht aber in den Familien der Zwangsprobanden gefunden werden. Diskussion: Die Zwangsstörung ist eine psychische Erkrankung, die –unabhängig von anderen komorbiden Störungen- mit Schwierigkeiten in der Emotionswahrnehmung und im Emotionsausdruck assoziiert ist. Diese Schwierigkeiten treten lediglich bei den Zwangsprobanden, nicht jedoch bei ihren Angehörigen auf. Hinsichtlich der Alexithymieentwicklung bei Zwangspatienten kann neben psychoanalytischen Ansätzen auch ein lerntheoretischer Ansatz angeführt werden, der die Ursache der Alexithymieentwicklung in familiären Gegebenheiten, nämlich in einem Defizit der Mutter-Kind-Beziehung sieht, was zu einer mangelnden Entwicklung des affektregulierenden Systems führt.
The experience of abuse in the period of childhood and youth is a key stressor that has con-sequences on the developing brain and is associated with the genesis of mental disorders. Childhood abuse and depression often cooccur together and have both been associated with cortical thickness resulting in a difficulty to detangle the influence of each factor. In prior studies, childhood abuse and depression were inconsistently related to whole-brain cortical thickness. Thus, this thesis aims to investigate the link between childhood abuse, depres-sive symptoms, and alterations of the cortex.
Therefore, this study analyses 1,551 individuals of the general population. A significant in-teraction effect of childhood abuse and depressive symptoms is observed for whole-brain cortical thickness. Yet, the results indicate no influence of childhood abuse or depression alone. A thinner cortex was associated with more severe depressive symptoms in the abused, but not in the non-abused group. In non-depressed participants, an increased whole-brain cortex was found in the abused, compared to the non-abused group. Similar interaction effects were observed in 12 out of 34 cortical regions.
The results suggest, in line with prior findings, that depressed individuals with a history of childhood abuse are a specific ecophenotype which is also reflected in specific brain altera-tions. Cortical regions that are distinct associated with the interaction of depressive symp-toms and childhood abuse are involved in various fields such as sensory processing, self-conception, and memory. Greater cortical thickness in subjects with childhood abuse and without depressive symptoms might act compensatory and thus reflect resilience against depressive symptoms.
Practical implications concern the treatment and diagnostic system as well as the im-portance of early prevention programs. An individualised treatment is necessary as various studies found a less favourable outcome in depressive patients with a history of maltreat-ment. Therefore, it seems urgent to assess experiences of childhood abuse at the beginning of psychiatric and psychotherapeutic treatment. In addition, early prevention programs are in need to support vulnerable family systems and thereby strengthening the economic, health and social system.
Background
Lower cortisol concentrations in adulthood were repeatedly associated with more severe childhood maltreatment. Additionally, childhood maltreatment was reported to promote health risk behavior, such as smoking or alcohol consumption, and to increase the risk of mental and somatic diseases during adulthood, such as major depressive disorders or obesity. The present study investigated if health risk behavior and disease symptoms in adults mediate the associations between past childhood maltreatment and present basal serum cortisol concentrations.
Methods
Data from two independent adult cohorts of the general population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND-0: N = 3,517; SHIP-START-2: N = 1,640) was used. Childhood maltreatment was assessed via the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Cortisol concentrations were measured in single-point serum samples. Health risk behavior and mental and physical symptoms were used as mediators. Mediation analyses were calculated separately for both cohorts; results were integrated via meta-analyses.
Results
In mediator-separated analyses, associations between childhood maltreatment and basal serum cortisol concentrations were partly mediated by depressive symptoms (BDI-II: βindirect effect = -.011, pFDR = .017, 21.0% mediated) and subjective somatic health complaints (somatic complaints: βindirect effect = -.010, pFDR = .005, 19.4% mediated). In the second step, both mediators were simultaneously integrated into one mediation model. The model replicated the mediation effects of the subjective somatic health complaints (whole model: βindirect effect = -.014, p = .001, 27.6% mediated; BDI-II: βindirect effect = -.006, p = .163, 11.4% mediated, somatic complaints: βindirect effect = -.020, p = .020, 15.5% mediated).
Conclusion
The results support the hypothesis that the long-lasting effects of childhood maltreatment on the stress response system are partly mediated through self-perceived disease symptoms. However, no mediation was found for health risk behavior or physically measured mediators. Mediation models with multiple simultaneous mediators pointed to a relevant overlap between the potential mediators. This overlap should be focused on in future studies.