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Staphylococcus aureussuperantigens (SAgs) are among the most potent T cell mitogensknown.They stimulate large fractions of T cells by cross-linking their T cell receptor withmajor histocompatibility complex class-II molecules on antigen presenting cells, resulting in Tcell proliferation and massive cytokine release. To date, 26 different SAgs have been described in thespeciesS. aureus; they comprise the toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1), as well as 25 staphylococcalenterotoxins (SEs) or enterotoxin-like proteins (SEls). SAgs can cause staphylococcal food poisoningand toxic shock syndrome and contribute to the clinical symptoms of staphylococcal infection. Inaddition, there is growing evidence that SAgs are involved in allergic diseases. This review providesan overview on recent epidemiological data on the involvement ofS. aureusSAgs and anti-SAg-IgEin allergy, demonstrating that being sensitized to SEs—in contrast to inhalant allergens—is associatedwith a severe disease course in patients with chronic airway inflammation. The mechanisms by whichSAgs trigger or amplify allergic immune responses, however, are not yet fully understood. Here, wediscuss known and hypothetical pathways by which SAgs can drive an atopic disease
Oral administration of drugs is the most common, convenient, safest and economical route of drug administration. There is lack of established tools to study the function of transporters in the intestinal absorption of drugs. Because of its favorable physico-chemical, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics, trospium could be potentially used as a probe substrate to study the function of drug transporters. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the suitability of trospium chloride as a probe drug to study the function of multidrug transporters in the human body. To this end, two randomized, controlled, four-period, cross-over pharmacokinetic drug interaction studies of oral and intravenous trospium with co-medication of oral clarithromycin or ranitidine were performed in 24 healthy subjects to mechanistically characterize the role of P-gp, OATP1A2, OCT1, OCT2, MATE1 and MATE2-K in the absorption and disposition of trospium. The contribution of the drug transporters in the absorption and disposition of trospium were examined in isolated systems using in vitro uptake and inhibition assays in transporter transfected human cell lines.
OCT1 (Vmax = 0.8 ± 0.1 nmol/min × mg) is a high capacity transporter of trospium compared to OCT2 (Vmax = 0.04 ± 0.01 nmol/min × mg). But the OCT2 (Km = 0.5 ± 0.1 µM) transporter demonstrated a high affinity in the transport of trospium compared to OCT1 (Km = 17.4 ± 2.1 µM). OCT1 genetic alleles *2, *3, *4 and *7 resulted in significant loss of activity and the alleles *5 and *6 caused complete loss of uptake of trospium. The common OCT2 genetic allele Ser270 caused slight but significant increase in activity of OCT2.
Ranitidine inhibits OCT1 (IC50 = 186 ± 25 µM), MATE1 (IC50 = 134 ± 37 µM) and MATE2-K (IC50 = 35 ± 11 µM)-mediated uptake of trospium in vitro. But it is a weak inhibitor of OCT2 transporter (IC50 = 482 ± 105 µM). Using FDA and EMA in vitro to in vivo extrapolation models, ranitidine was predicted to have a potential inhibition effect on intestinal OCT1 ([I]2/IC50 ~40), renal MATE1 ([I]1/IC50 ~0.02) and MATE2-K ([I]1/IC50 ~0.1) transporters in vivo. Clarithromycin was predicted to cause DDI by inhibiting P-gp-mediated efflux of trospium at the intestine ([I]2/IC50 of ~310) and hepatocytes ([I]3/IC50 ~1). Therefore, co-medication of oral clarithromycin was expected to result in an increase in oral absorption and hepatic clearance of trospium but not changes in distribution volume.
In healthy subjects, oral trospium is slowly (MAT ~10 h) and poorly (F ~10 %) absorbed from the jejunum and cecum/ascending colon, widely distributed into the body (Vss = 5 - 6 l/kg) and slowly eliminated (t1/2 = 9 - 10 h) majorly via renal glomerular filtration and tubular secretion (CLR ~500 ml/min). After co-medication of clarithromycin (inhibitor of P-gp), on the contrary to our IVIVE prediction, we found a non-expected but significant expansion of the shallow and deep distribution spaces for trospium by ~27 %. A single dose administration of trospium with co-medication of ranitidine (inhibitor of OCT1) resulted in no effect on the intestinal absorption of trospium. But the renal clearance of trospium decreased slightly (15 %) but significantly.
Intravenously administered trospium (2 mg TC) might be a suitable probe drug to evaluate the effects of a P-gp inhibitor on distribution of a drug. Oral trospium chloride can be selected for DDI studies with new chemical entities (NCE) with predicted inhibitory potential on OCT1 and P-gp and which are available after oral absorption along the small intestine and in the cecum/ascending colon. Another kind of application of trospium chloride might be pharmacogenomics studies in subjects with functionally relevant polymorphisms of P-gp and OCT1 or in patients with suspected transport failure due to intestinal diseases. The function of the efflux transporters MATE1 and MATE2-K in the PTC of the kidneys can be well assessed with the probe drug trospium by measuring its renal clearance.
Background: Stroke patients are at risk of acquiring secondary infections due to stroke-induced immune suppression (SIIS). Immunosuppressive cells comprise myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and immunosuppressive interleukin 10 (IL-10)-producing monocytes. MDSCs represent a small but heterogeneous population of monocytic, polymorphonuclear (or granulocytic), and early progenitor cells (“early” MDSC), which can expand extensively in pathophysiological conditions. MDSCs have been shown to exert strong immune-suppressive effects. The role of IL-10-producing immunosuppressive monocytes after stroke has not been investigated, but monocytes are impaired in oxidative burst and downregulate human leukocyte antigen—DR isotype (HLA-DR) on the cell surface.
Objectives: The objective of this work was to investigate the regulation and function of MDSCs as well as the immunosuppressive IL-10-producing monocytes in experimental and human stroke.
Methods: This longitudinal, monocentric, non-interventional prospective explorative study used multicolor flow cytometry to identify MDSC subpopulations and IL-10 expression in monocytes in the peripheral blood of 19 healthy controls and 27 patients on days 1, 3, and 5 post-stroke. Quantification of intracellular STAT3p and Arginase-1 by geometric mean fluorescence intensity was used to assess the functionality of MDSCs. In experimental stroke induced by electrocoagulation in middle-aged mice, monocytic (CD11b+Ly6G−Ly6Chigh) and polymorphonuclear (CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6Clow) MDSCs in the spleen were analyzed by flow cytometry.
Results: Compared to the controls, stroke patients showed a relative increase in monocytic MDSCs (percentage of CD11b+ cells) in whole blood without evidence for an altered function. The other MDSC subgroups did not differ from the control. Also, in experimental stroke, monocytic, and in addition, polymorphonuclear MDSCs were increased. The numbers of IL-10-positive monocytes did not differ between the patients and controls. However, we provide a new insight into monocytic function post-stroke since we can report that a differential regulation of HLA-DR and PD-L1 was found depending on the IL-10 production of monocytes. IL-10-positive monocytes are more activated post-stroke, as indicated by their increased HLA-DR expression.
Conclusions: MDSC and IL-10+ monocytes can induce immunosuppression within days after stroke.
Der aktuelle demografische Wandel in Deutschland zeigt eine erhöhte Lebenserwartung und damit einen Anstieg an altersassoziierten Erkrankungen wie dem Schlaganfall. Eine mögliche Folge ist die Armparese, welche eine gravierende Behinderung bei der Ausführung alltäglicher Handlungen darstellt. Dadurch kommt der motorischen Rehabilitation mit dem Ziel der Wiederherstellung der Alltagstauglichkeit eine besonders wichtige Rolle zu.
Unter zahlreichen Therapiekonzepten ist für das Arm-Fähigkeits-Training (AFT), welches einzeln verschiedene sensomotorische Armfähigkeiten anspricht und das motorische Lernen induziert, eine gute Wirksamkeit belegt.
In Studien konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine nicht-invasive Hirnstimulation in Form einer repetitiven transkraniellen Magnetstimulation (rTMS), genauer der intermittierenden Theta-Burst-Stimulation (iTBS), vorübergehend die lokal kortikale Erregbarkeit des stimulierten Areals erhöhen (Huang et al., 2005) und dadurch gegebenenfalls auch das nachfolgende trainingsinduzierte Lernen beeinflussen kann. Das Wissen über mögliche „Priming“-Effekte von iTBS auf das motorische Lernen bei Gesunden kann helfen, zielgerichtete therapeutische Anwendungen für Patienten nach einem Schlaganfall zu entwickeln.
Ziel dieser Untersuchung war es festzustellen, ob das exzitatorische „Priming“ mit iTBS über dem primären motorischen Kortex (M1) oder dem primären somatosensorischen Kortex (S1) unmittelbar vor einer täglichen Trainingseinheit mit AFT (über vier Tage) für den linken Arm bei gesunden rechtshändigen Probanden die sensomotorische Lerndynamik verbessern kann.
Zu diesem Zweck wurde ein Training des linken, nicht-dominanten Arms von 18 jungen und gesunden Probanden mithilfe von acht unterschiedlichen motorischen Aufgaben (AFT) einmal pro Tag für insgesamt fünf Tage durchgeführt. Mit Ausnahme des ersten Tages (Baseline) erfolgte das Training nach der Applikation einer exzitatorischen Form der repetitiven transkraniellen Magnetstimulation (iTBS). Die Stimulation wurde je nach randomisierter Gruppenzuordnung entweder über M1 oder S1 rechts oder als Sham-Stimulation, um einen möglichen Placebo-Effekt auszuschließen, über M1 rechts durchgeführt.
Die Hauptkomponentenanalyse der Daten zum motorischen Verhalten ergab acht
unabhängige motorische Komponenten, die den acht trainierten Aufgaben entsprachen. AFT induzierte motorisches Lernen über alle Fähigkeiten hinweg mit einem Generalisationseffekt auf eine nicht-trainierte Aufgabe der Fingergeschicklichkeitm(Nine-Hole-Peg-Test,ccNHPT).
Probanden, die iTBS (entweder über M1 oder S1) erhielten, zeigten im Vergleich zur Sham-Stimulation sowohl eine bessere Leistung bei den AFT-Aufgaben während der Trainingsdauer als auch eine größere Verbesserung der nicht-trainierten Fingergeschicklichkeitsaufgabe (NHPT) für den trainierten linken Arm nach Trainingsende.
Daraus resultiert, dass die exzitatorische repetitive transkranielle Magnetstimulation in Form von iTBS über M1 oder S1 das motorische Lernen über verschiedene sensomotorische Fähigkeiten hinweg verbessern kann.
Auch wenn die verstärkenden Effekte eines exzitatorischen „Priming“ absolut gesehen klein waren, so geben sie dennoch Grund zur Annahme, dass darin auch ein therapeutisches Potenzial für die Armrehabilitation nach Schlaganfall liegt. Ob das so ist, wäre jedoch mit geeigneten klinischen Studien zu untersuchen.
Die Ergebnisse des Promotionsvorhabens wurden in einer Peer-Review-Zeitschrift publiziert (Platz et al., 2018a).
Abstract
Introduction
Transabdominal ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are commonly used for the examination of the pancreas in clinical routine. We therefore were interested in the concordance of these two imaging methods for the size measurement of the pancreas and how age, gender, and body mass index (BMI) affect the organ size.
Methods
A total of 342 participants from the Study of Health in Pomerania underwent whole‐body MRI and transabdominal US on the same day, and the diameter of the pancreatic head, body, and tail were measured. The agreement between US and MRI measurements was assessed by Bland and Altman plots. Intraclass correlation coefficients were used to compare observers. A multivariable regression model was applied using the independent variables age, gender, and body mass index.
Results
Compared to MRI, abdominal US returned smaller values for each segment of the pancreas, with a high level of inconsistency between these two methods. The mean difference was 0.39, 0.18, and 0.54 cm for the head, body, and tail, respectively. A high interobserver variability was detected for US. Multivariable analysis showed that pancreatic size in all three segments increased with BMI in both genders whereas pancreatic head and tail size decreased with age, an effect more marked in women.
Conclusions
Agreement of pancreatic size measurements is poor between US and MRI. These limitations should be considered when evaluating morphologic features for pathologic conditions or setting limits of normal size. Adjustments for BMI, gender, and age may also be warranted.
Das trockene Auge ist eine häufige multikausale Augenerkrankung, welche nicht selten mit einer erheblichen Einschränkung der Lebensqualität einhergeht. Therapie der Wahl ist die Anwendung von Tränensubstitutionspräparaten. Ziel dieser pharmakologischen und zytomorphologischen Untersuchung war die Evaluation der Wirkung und des protektiven Effekts von fünf kommerziellen, auf Hyaluronsäure basierenden Medikamenten und einem Testpräparat an humanen konjunktivalen (Chang) und kornealen (pRSV-T) Epithelzellen. Dafür wurden die Zellen jeder Zelllinie mit einer Zellzahl von 1,5x104 jeweils in einer 96-well-Platte bis zum konfluenten Wachstum inkubiert. Für den Zellversuch wurden die Zellen jeder Vertiefung für 20 Minuten jeweils mit 50μl der zu testenden Proben inkubiert. Als Positivkontrolle wurde das Medium in den Vertiefungen belassen und als Negativkontrolle diente die gleiche Menge an PBS. Die Zellen wurden einem standardisierten Stressfaktor (Luft) für eine der Austrocknungszeiten 0, 15, 30 oder 45 Minuten ausgesetzt. Anschließend erfolgte eine vierstündige Inkubation mit dem Farbstoff alamarBlueR. Aus den mit dem ELISA-Reader gemessenen Absorptionswerten wurde daraufhin die Überlebensrate fur jede Austrocknungszeit ermittelt. Bei dem LIVE/DEADR Viability/ Cytotoxicity Kit wirkte auf die Zellen nach Austrocknung bei Raumtemperatur für 20 Minuten eine Propidium-Jodit-Calcein-Losung ein. Für die Auswertung wurde die Relation von vitalen und avitalen Zellen unter dem Fluoreszenzmikroskop evaluiert. Probe 2 imponierte im zeitlichen Verlauf für beide Zelllinien mit einer sehr geringen Verlustrate vitaler Zellen. Verglichen dazu wies das Testpräparat einen starken Zellzahlabfall auf. Alle weiteren Proben zeigten insgesamt eine gute protektive Wirkung auf die Zellen. Es fiel auf, dass diese umso großer war, je hoher Hyaluronsäure im Präparat konzentriert war. Probe 2 mit 0,3% Hyaluronsäure zeigte die besten Überlebensraten. Über das Testpräparat lassen sich aufgrund fehlender Informationen über dessen pharmakologische Zusammensetzung nur beschrankt Aussagen machen. Sowohl die Chang- als auch die pRSV-T-Zellen zeigten allerdings unter dessen Wirkung nach 20 Minuten Einwirkzeit und nach 0 und 15 Minuten Austrocknung eine überdurchschnittlich hohe Verlustrate, sodass hier ein toxischer Effekt nicht unwahrscheinlich ist. Bei allen untersuchten Proben wurde mit zunehmender Expositionszeit ein Abfall vitaler Zellen verzeichnet. Schlussfolgernd lasst sich sagen, dass Zellkulturverfahren geeignete Methoden sind, um modellhaft den Effekt von ophthalmo-pharmakologischen Zubereitungen für die Augenoberflache zu evaluieren. Grundsätzlich ist eine höhere Konzentration von Hyaluronsäure in Benetzungsmitteln mit einem höheren Austrocknungsschutz und einer antiinflammatorischen Wirkung assoziiert. Auch die Wahl des Puffers spielt eine wichtige Rolle in Bezug auf die Protektion. Für ein optimales Benetzungsmittel kann additiv Natriumchlorid eingesetzt werden. Zellen in vitro reagieren auf verschiedene Expositionen meist wegen der nicht zu simulierenden Barrierefunktion der Augenoberflache deutlich empfindlicher als intaktes Oberflächenepithel, dennoch lassen sich für die klinische Praxis einige Tendenzen ableiten.
National oral health survey on refugees in Germany 2016/2017: caries and subsequent complications
(2020)
Objectives To assess oral health, caries prevalence, and subsequent complications among recently arrived refugees in Germany and to ompare these findings with the German resident population. Methods This multicenter cross-sectional study recruited 544 refugees aged 3–75+ years; they were examined at ten registration institutions in four federal states in Germany by two calibrated dentists. The refugees were screened for caries (dmft/DMFT) and its complications pufa/PUFA); this data was compared to the resident population via the presentative national oral health surveys). Results The deciduous dentition of the 3-year-old refugees had a mean dmft value of 2.62 ± 3.6 compared with 0.48 dmft in the German resident population, and caries increased to 5.22 ± 3.4 for 6–7-year-olds (Germany: 1.73 dmft). Few refugee children had naturally healthy teeth (7% in 6–7-year-olds, Germany: 56%). In the permanent dentition, the gap in caries prevalence between refugees and the German population decreased with age (35–44-year-olds: 10.55 ± 7.1 DMFT; Germany: 11.2), but refugees exhibited more caries defects (35–44-year-olds DT = 3.13 ± 3.0; Germany: 0.5). German residents had more restorations (35–44-year-olds FT = 4.21 ± 4.6). Regarding complications, the 6–7-year-olds exhibited the highest pufa index (0.86 ± 1.4) which decreased in adolescence (13–17-year-olds, 0.18 ± 0.6) and increased in adults (45–64-year-olds, 0.45 ± 0.8). Conclusion The refugees had high caries experience, often untreated caries teeth and more complications compared with the German resident population, especially in children. Closing this gap by extending preventive systems to the refugees would decrease future treatment needs. Clinical relevance European countries should be prepared for the higher dental treatment needs in recent refugees, especially in
children.
Ausgewählte Lyrik
(2020)
In fixed orthodontic treatments debonding of brackets during treatment is an unpleasant occurrence for the clinician and the patients and resultes in an increase in treatment costs and duration. For Damon Q brackets recycling would considered as an economic saving option which could be done with using of in office methods such as the sandblasting.
A sample of sixty sound bovine first upper central incisers, were collected, cleaned, and mounted in acrylic blocks for shear bond strength testing.
The total sample was equally divided into two main groups. Each group had 30 teeth and 30 brackets.
The first group had 30 teeth bonded with metal Damon Q brackets, the second group had 30 teeth bonded with metal Mini-Mono® brackets.The study included bonding and rebonding experiments. Therefore the same brackets with their same teeth were used in bonding and in the rebonding experiments. The bonding and the rebonding procedures were done with using 3M Unitek etching, Grengloo adhasive, and Ortho solo bonding. In addition the rebonding procedure was done after cleaning the teeth and recycling their brackets with sandblasting. All specimens were recycled 5000 times for the bonding and rebonding experiments.
The first and second debonding forces were done in Newton using a Zwick Roell machine.
After that SBS and SRS were computed in MPa. Furthermore all the teeth, after each debonding, were examined under a digital scanning microscope VHX-5000, 50X magnifying, to performe the ARA and ARI.
The collected data was statistically analyzed for descriptive statistics as well as significance of differences among the different bracket types, and their ARI scores, in the bonding and rebonding experiments.
The results showed that SRS was significantly higher than SBS of both types of the brackets, and Damon Q brackets had higher SBS, and SRS than Mini-Mono® brackets, and there was no correlation between SBS, SRS and their ARI, ARA.