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Objective: In acute pancreatitis (AP), bacterial translocation and subsequent infection of pancreatic necrosis are the main risk factors for severe disease and late death. Understanding how immunological host defence mechanisms fail to protect the intestinal barrier is of great importance in reducing the mortality risk of the disease. Here, we studied the role of the Treg/Th17 balance for maintaining the intestinal barrier function in a mouse model of severe AP.
Design: AP was induced by partial duct ligation in C57Bl/6 or DEREG mice, in which regulatory T-cells (Treg) were depleted by intraperitoneal injection of diphtheria toxin. By flow cytometry, functional suppression assays and transcriptional profiling we analysed Treg activation and characterised T-cells of the lamina propria as well as intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) regarding their activation and differentiation. Microbiota composition was examined in intestinal samples as well as in murine and human pancreatic necrosis by 16S rRNA gene sequencing.
Results: The prophylactic Treg-depletion enhanced the proinflammatory response in an experimental mouse model of AP but stabilised the intestinal immunological barrier function of Th17 cells and CD8+/γδTCR+ IELs. Treg depleted animals developed less bacterial translocation to the pancreas. Duodenal overgrowth of the facultative pathogenic taxa Escherichia/Shigella which associates with severe disease and infected necrosis was diminished in Treg depleted animals.
Conclusion: Tregs play a crucial role in the counterbalance against systemic inflammatory response syndrome. In AP, Treg-activation disturbs the duodenal barrier function and permits translocation of commensal bacteria into pancreatic necrosis. Targeting Tregs in AP may help to ameliorate the disease course.
Die Migration von Endothelzellen unter hämodynamischen Flussbedingungen ist ein komplex regulierter Vorgang. In dieser Arbeit konnten die Aktivierung des Apelin-Rezeptors und die Zugabe von Statinen als Einflussfaktoren auf die Migration der Endothelzellen unter verschiedener Schubspannung identifiziert werden. Dabei wurden folgende Kernaussagen herausgearbeitet:
1. Der Apelin-Rezeptor reguliert die Endothelzellen-Migration in Abhängigkeit von der Schubspannung und dem Gefäßbett. In HUVEC wirkt der APLNR migrationsfördernd unter physiologischen Schubspannungen und migrationshemmend unter höheren Schubspannungen. Keinen Einfluss zeigt der APLNR auf die Migration von HCAEC.
2. Physiologische Statinkonzentrationen reduzieren die EC-Migration in HCAEC. Dies steht im Gegensatz zu der beschriebenen migrationsfördernden Wirkung von statinbehandelten HUVEC. In supraphysiologischen Konzentrationen zeigten sich Unterschiede zwischen dem lipophilen Atorvastatin und dem hydrophilen Pravastatin.
3. Die Wirkung der Statine auf die EC-Migration scheint teilweise über den APLNR zu erfolgen. Dies könnte möglicherweise abhängig von ihrer Lipophilie geschehen.
Hinsichtlich der klinischen Relevanz scheint insbesondere der Einfluss des APLNR auf die endotheliale Migration, sowie sein Zusammenspiel mit Atorvastatin von Bedeutung zu sein. In diesem experimentellen Setting konnte bei Betrachtung von arteriellen EC kein Vorteil eines der Statine bezüglich ihrer Migration herausgearbeitet werden. Inwieweit sich diese jedoch klinisch unterscheiden, müsste in in vivo Studien untersucht werden.
In Zusammenschau mit den Studien der aktuellen Literatur zeigte die hier vorliegende Arbeit besonders, wie stark zum Beispiel die Auswahl des Zellmodells die Ergebnisse beeinflusst. So lassen sich Arbeiten mit dem für Arteriosklerose oft gewählten HUVEC-Zellmodell kaum mit Experimenten an HCAEC vergleichen, obgleich es sich bei beiden um vaskuläre Endothelzellen handelt. Außerdem zeigte sich, dass die Wirkung der Statine oder der APLNR-Blockierung unter physiologischen Schubspannungen teilweise gegenteilig zu ihrer Wirkung unter höheren Schubspannungen ist.
In der individualisierten Medizin wird angestrebt für jeden einzelnen Patienten entsprechend seiner Erkrankungen, die optimalste Therapie zu finden. Wo Atorvastatin für den einen Patienten von Vorteil ist, sorgt bei einer anderen Patientin Pravastatin für mehr Sicherheit. Dass diese Wirkstoffgruppe nicht so homogen ist, zeigen die hier erhobenen Ergebnisse. Um den modernen Therapieansatz zu verfolgen, sollten auch die wissenschaftlichen Fragestellungen bezüglich der Wirkstoffgruppe der Statine konkreter abgestimmt beantworten.
The maintenance of protein homeostasis in muscle by degradation systems, e.g. the autophagy lysosomal pathway (ALP) and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), is of great importance. It prevents the accumulation of nonfunctioning and not properly folded proteins, which can lead to protein aggregate myopathies (PAMs) and several other protein storage diseases. Degradation by the UPS depends on the transfer of ubiquitin to a target protein. This happens in a cascade of E1-E2-E3 proteins. This process is also involved in protein location and regulation of protein activity. E3 ligases are often tissue specific. Muscle RING-finger proteins (MuRFs) are a family of really interesting new gene (RING)-Finger E3 ubiquitin ligases, that are almost exclusively expressed in the striated muscle. They play a role in muscle wasting, but are also important for the maintenance of the structure of striated muscle. MuRF proteins are also involved in the regulation of the striated muscle energy metabolism. Previous work has demonstrated that MuRF1/MuRF3 DKO mice show a protein surplus myopathy characterized by an accumulation of myosin heavy chain proteins in striated muscles and a reduction in function of both heart and skeletal muscle. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the myopathic phenotype of MuRF1/MuRF3 DKO mice is mediated by a disturbed energy homeostasis in the heart and skeletal muscle, with focus on mitochondrial function. Because sex-specific differences have not been investigated in these mice so far, a further aim was to investigate any differences between male and female mice.
To test these hypotheses, we measured the weight of the heart and the hindlimb muscles tibialis anterior and soleus to detect a possible hypertrophy in the DKO mice. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of histological cross sections of the tibialis anterior were performed to investigate protein accumulations. Muscle function was quantitated via grip strength and specific force measurements. Possible changes in protein amounts were detected via mass spectrometry analyses and western blot analyses. Changes in gene expression were investigated by qRT-PCR. Coimmunoprecipitation was used to determine direct interactions between proteins. Protein stability and ubiquitination were investigated by cycloheximide (CHX) and ubiquitination assays, respectively.
DKO mice showed an increase in heart and skeletal muscle weights. Grip strength assays revealed limb weakness of DKO mice. H&E staining of histological cross sections of the tibialis anterior muscle (TA) showed protein aggregates within myofibers. Mass spectrometry analyses of proteins isolated from TA and heart muscle revealed an increase of muscle stress markers and structural proteins in DKO mice, while proteins involved in the energy metabolism were reduced. Especially interesting here were the proteins of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), which play a major role in the energy production of the mitochondria by catalyzing the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP, the universal energy carrier in all living organisms. These changes were more pronounced in TA compared to heart. Western blot and qRT-PCR results of ETC subunits supported our proteome data. They also revealed a sex-specific difference, in which the reduction ETC subunits was more pronounced in females than males. In female
TA NDUFB8, SDHB, UQCRC2, MTCO1 and ATP5 were significantly reduced compared to controls, while only UQCRC2 and ATP5 were decreased in male TA compared to controls. A significant reduction in gene expression of Ndufb8, Sdhb, Mtco1 and Atp5 was detected in TA of female mice compared to controls, while only Ndufb8, Sdhb and Atp5 were decreased in male TA compared to controls. We observed the same pattern in Heart of male (protein: NDUFB8; mRNA: Mtco1) and female (protein: UQCRC2, MTCO1, ATP5; mRNA: Sdhb, Mtco1) DKO mice compared to their controls. The reduction in ETC subunits was paralleled by a reduction in complex I and complex III activity in the TA of DKO mice, but not in heart. However, this was only significant in the TA of female but not male mice. Mechanistical analyses using coimmunoprecipitation, cycloheximide chase and ubiquitination assays showed that MuRF1 physically interacted with the transcriptional repressor histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5), mediated its ubiquitination as well as its UPS-dependent degradation. The absence of MuRF1 and MuRF3 in DKO mice let to an increase in the amounts of HDAC5 in TA. Because HDAC5 binds to PGC-1α, the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis (encoded by Ppargc1a), we investigated its gene expression in DKO muscle and found it to be reduced.
These data connect MuRF1 and MuRF3 directly to the striated muscle energy metabolism, by regulating mitochondrial function. The results provide insights into the development of PAMs and possibly other protein storage diseases, where a decrease of mitochondrial function has already been described.
Purpose
Patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures are increasingly important in evaluating medical care. The increased integration of technology within the healthcare systems allows for collection of PROs electronically. The objectives of this study were to Ashley et al. J Med Internet Res (2013) implement an electronic assessment of PROs in inpatient cancer care and test its feasibility for patients and Dawson et al. BMJ (2010) determine the equivalence of the paper and electronic assessment.
Methods
We analyzed two arms from a study that was originally designed to be an interventional, three-arm, and multicenter inpatient trial. A self-administered questionnaire based on validated PRO-measures was applied and completed at admission, 1 week after, and at discharge. For this analysis — focusing on feasibility of the electronic assessment — the following groups will be considered: Group A (intervention arm) received a tablet version, while group B (control arm) completed the questionnaire on paper. A feasibility questionnaire, that was adapted from Ashley et al. J Med Internet Res (2013), was administered to group A.
Results
We analyzed 103 patients that were recruited in oncology wards. ePRO was feasible to most patients, with 84% preferring the electronic over paper-based assessment. The feasibility questionnaire contained questions that were answered on a scale ranging from “1” (illustrating non achievement) to “5” (illustrating achieving goal). The majority (mean 4.24, SD .99) reported no difficulties handling the electronic tool and found it relatively easy finding time for filling out the questionnaire (mean 4.15, SD 1.05). There were no significant differences between the paper and the electronic assessment regarding the PROs.
Conclusion
Results indicate that electronic PRO assessment in inpatient cancer care is feasible.
Scribble complex proteins can influence cell fate decisions and self-renewal capacity of hematopoietic cells. While specific cellular functions of Scribble complex members are conserved in mammalian hematopoiesis, they appear to be highly context dependent. Using CRISPR/Cas9-based genetic screening, we have identified Scribble complex-related liabilities in AML including LLGL1. Despite its reported suppressive function in HSC self-renewal, inactivation of LLGL1 in AML confirms its relevant role for proliferative capacity and development of AML. Its function was conserved in human and murine models of AML and across various genetic backgrounds. Inactivation of LLGL1 results in loss of stemness-associated gene-expression including HoxA-genes and induces a GMP-like phenotype in the leukemia stem cell compartment. Re-expression of HoxA9 facilitates functional and phenotypic rescue. Collectively, these data establish LLGL1 as a specific dependency and putative target in AML and emphasizes its cell-type specific functions.
Aims
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a signaling lipid, which is involved in several cellular processes including cell growth, proliferation, migration and apoptosis. The associations of serum S1P levels with cardiac geometry and function are still not clear. We investigated the associations of S1P with cardiac structure and systolic function in a population-based sample.
Methods and results
We performed cross-sectional analyses of 858 subjects (467 men; 54.4%), aged 22 to 81 years, from a sub-sample of the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND-0). We analyzed the associations of serum S1P with structural and systolic function left ventricular (LV) and left atrial (LA) parameters as determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using sex-stratified multivariable-adjusted linear regression models. In men, MRI data showed that a 1 µmol/L lower S1P concentration was associated with an 18.1 mL (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.66–32.6; p = 0.014) larger LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), a 0.46 mm (95% CI 0.04–0.89; p = 0.034) greater LV wall thickness (LVWT) and a 16.3 g (95% CI 6.55–26.1; p = 0.001) higher LV mass (LVM). S1P was also associated with a 13.3 mL/beat (95% CI 4.49–22.1; p = 0.003) greater LV stroke volume (LVSV), an 18.7 cJ (95% CI 6.43–30.9; p = 0.003) greater LV stroke work (LVSW) and a 12.6 mL (95% CI 1.03–24.3; p = 0.033) larger LA end-diastolic volume (LAEDV). We did not find any significant associations in women.
Conclusions
In this population-based sample, lower levels of S1P were associated with higher LV wall thickness and mass, larger LV and LA chamber sizes and greater stroke volume and work of the LV in men, but not in women. Our results indicate that lower levels of S1P were associated with parameters related with cardiac geometry and systolic function in men, but not in women.
Purpose
The WHO 2016 re-classification of myeloproliferative neoplasms resulted in a separation of essential thrombocythemia (ET) from the pre-fibrotic and fibrotic (overt) phases of primary myelofibrosis (MF). This study reports on a chart review conducted to evaluate the real life approach regarding clinical characteristics, diagnostic assessment, risk stratification and treatment decisions for MPN patients classified as ET or MF after implementation of the WHO 2016 classification.
Methods
In this retrospective chart review, 31 office-based hematologists/oncologists and primary care centers in Germany participated between April 2021 and May 2022. Physicians reported available data obtained from patient charts via paper–pencil based survey (secondary use of data). Patient features were evaluated using descriptive analysis, also including diagnostic assessment, therapeutic strategies and risk stratification.
Results
Data of 960 MPN patients diagnosed with essential thrombocythemia (ET) (n = 495) or myelofibrosis (MF) (n = 465) after implementation of the revised 2016 WHO classification of myeloid neoplasms was collected from the patient charts. While they met at least one minor WHO-criteria for primary myelofibrosis, 39.8% of those diagnosed with ET did not have histological BM testing at diagnosis. 63.4% of patients who were classified as having MF, however, did not obtain an early prognostic risk assessment. More than 50% of MF patients showed characteristics consistent with the pre-fibrotic phase, which was emphasized by the frequent use of cytoreductive therapy. Hydroxyurea was the most frequently used cytoreductive medication in 84.7% of ET and 53.1% of MF patients. While both ET and MF cohorts showed cardiovascular risk factors in more than 2/3 of the cases, the use of platelet inhibitors or anticoagulants varied between 56.8% in ET and 38.1% in MF patients.
Conclusions
Improved histopathologic diagnostics, dynamic risk stratification including genetic risk factors for cases of suspected ET and MF are recommended for precise risk assessment and therapeutic stratification according to WHO criteria.
Purpose
Outcomes of multiple myeloma (MM) patients who are refractory to daratumumab are dismal and no standard of treatment exists for this patients’ population. Here, we investigate the role of pomalidomide combinations in daratumumab-refractory MM patients.
Methods
We performed a retrospective analysis of myeloma patients treated at four referral centers (three in Germany and one in Italy). Review chart identified 30 patients with relapsed and refractory myeloma, who progressed during treatment with daratumumab and were treated with pomalidomide-based combinations in the subsequent lines of therapy.
Results
Responses improved from 37% with daratumumab to 53% with pomalidomide. Of seven patients with extramedullary MM (EMM), four achieved a clinical stabilization with pomalidomide, including one patient with a long-lasting complete response. Median progression-free survival and overall survival were 6 and 12 months, respectively. Pomalidomide combinations were well tolerated, no patient discontinued treatment due to adverse events.
Conclusion
These data show that pomalidomide-based combinations can be an effective and safe salvage regimen for daratumumab-refractory patients, including those with EMM.
Das wichtigste Ziel am Ende des Lebens im Rahmen der Palliativmedizin ist eine ausreichende Symptomkontrolle, um die Lebensqualität bestmöglich zu erhalten oder sogar zu steigern. Dennoch leiden weiterhin Menschen an ihren letzten Tagen an Schmerzen. Bei onkologischen Patienten spielt insbesondere der Durchbruchschmerz eine große Rolle. Es ist bekannt, dass Opioide wie unter anderem Morphin eine gute Möglichkeit bieten, die Beschwerden zu reduzieren. Bislang gibt es keine Übersichten oder Empfehlungen für mögliche Dosierungen. Weiterhin herrscht eine große Angst vor möglichen Nebenwirkungen und einer Überdosierung.
Ziel dieser Studie ist es zu helfen, die schmerzmedizinische Unterversorgung zu reduzieren. Durch eine individuelle Betrachtung der jeweiligen Tumorerkrankungen und ggf. Metastasierung ist es möglich, eine gezielte Opioidtherapie zu gewährleisten. Das Erheben der Schmerzstärken und die jeweils erhaltene Opioiddosierung helfen, Dosierungen besser an die tatsächlichen Schmerzen anzupassen. In dieser Arbeit wurde eine Übersicht zu den Opioiddosierungen entwickelt, um den Behandlern eine Unterstützung zu geben.
Für diese retrospektive Studie wurden die Daten von insgesamt 292 verstorbenen Tumorpatienten (ohne chronisches Schmerzsyndrom) auf der Palliativstation der Universität Greifswald im Zeitraum von 3 Jahren ausgewertet. Die durchschnittliche Liegedauer betrug 7,4 Tage. Patienten mit Bronchialkarzinom waren am häufigsten vertreten, Prostatakarzinom am seltensten. 11,6% litten an einem zweiten Primärtumor und fast Dreiviertel litten an einer Metastasierung. Lebermetastasen waren am häufigsten vertreten. Durchschnittlich litten die Patienten an Schmerzen in Ruhe von 2,7/10 am Aufnahmetag und von 1,1/10 am Sterbetag. Der Opioidbedarf schwankte am Aufnahmetag zwischen 0 und 1323 mg Opioid in Morphin-oral-Äquivalent mit durchschnittlich 117 mg. Am Sterbetag verdoppelte sich der Maximalwert auf 2778 mg und der Durchschnittswert stieg auf 211 mg Morphin-Oral-Äquivalent.
Patienten mit Kopf-Hals-Tumoren litten bei Aufnahme an den stärksten Schmerzen mit durchschnittlich 4 von 10 und benötigten signifikant höhere Opioiddosierungen (durchschnittlich 256 mg Morphin-Oral-Äquivalent). Das Vorhandensein von Metastasen verdoppelte im Gesamtkollektiv signifikant den Opioidbedarf am Sterbetag von durchschnittlich 113 mg auf 244 mg Morphin-Oral-Äquivalent.
Die Studie zeigt, dass teils deutlich höhere Opioiddosierungen als bisher in der Praxis üblich nötig sind, um das Ziel einer Schmerzstärke von 3/10 in Ruhe, bzw. 5/10 bei Belastung zu erreichen. Die herausgearbeitete Übersicht ermöglicht eine bessere Anpassung der nötigen Opioiddosierungen in Abhängigkeit der Tumorlokalisation und der jeweiligen Metastasierung am Ende des Lebens. Nicht zuletzt soll diese Arbeit dazu beitragen, Vorbehalte gegen eine zur Schmerzfreiheit notwendige, hoch erscheinende Opioiddosierung auszuräumen.
Gleichzeitig spielen in einem multimodalen Schmerzkonzept nicht nur Opioide eine wichtige Rolle. Vielmehr ist es ein interdisziplinäres Konzept, welches auf alle Aspekte des bio-psycho-sozialen Modelles eingehen muss, um eine optimale Behandlung für den Menschen am Ende des Lebens zu gewährleisten. Weiterhin sind insbesondere regelmäßige palliativmedizinische Fort- und Weiterbildungen aller Fachdisziplinen entscheidend, damit unter anderem im Bereich der Schmerzmedizin Aufklärung betrieben werden kann. Diese Studie und die daraus resultierenden Ergebnisse bilden einen wichtigen Schritt zum Erreichen einer adäquaten schmerzmedizinischen Versorgung am Ende des Lebens.