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Introduction: For a successful pregnancy, a set of physiological requirements has to be fulfilled. The mother has to provide enough nutrients and the proper anatomical environment for the developing fetus and protect him and herself against pathogens. The cells of the im-mune system constantly monitor the organism in search for pathogens and mount a response to eradicate the threat. The favourable outcome of an immune response re-lays on the capacity of those cells to recognize structures that shouldn’t be present in the organism and the speed or strength at which the cells react. During pregnancy, however, a fetus is able to establish a firm contact with the endometrium of the mother and then grow for an extended period of time. This “exception to the rule” hides behind a set of fine-tuned regulations of the immune responses which are not completely un-derstood. Though many cell types have been extensively investigated in the past dec-ades, B cells play yet enigmatic roles. The aim of this work is to uncover the events occurring within the B cell development during pregnancy and to study the role of certain subtypes in healthy pregnancy and pregnancy miscarriage. Methods: For all experiments, 8-weeks-old female mice either non-pregnant, having normal preg-nancies or miscarriage were used. Organs were removed and cells isolated using standard protocols. The analysis of the population distribution was performed by Flow Cytometry. For in vitro experiments, specific cell subsets were isolated using MACS Cell Separation. Bio-plex method was used for the assessment of Immunoglobulin isotypes in serum, while CBA Array was the method used to measure cytokine levels in the supernatant of cell cultures. Statistical analysis was done using GraphPad Prism software. Results: Pregnancy had a strong impact on the murine B cell development. The restructuration of the B cell compartment could be appreciated already from the bone marrow progeni-tors, reduced in pregnant mice. Peripheral subsets drastically adapted their develop-mental pathways, with a drift towards the generation of marginal zone B cells. B cells also showed functional adaptations to gravidity, as evidenced by the changes in the immunoglobulin production and immunomodulatory capacity. Conclusions: For the first time a deep investigation of the consequences of pregnancy on the B cell development was performed, covering several aspects of B cell functionality. This work shows that B lymphocyte compartment is remodelled during pregnancy. Aberration of this process may lead to pregnancy complications including miscarriage.
Although the common pathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) is disputed, the gene TREML2 has been implicated in both conditions: its whole-blood gene expression was associated with WMH volume and its missense variant rs3747742 with AD risk. We re-examined those associations within one comprehensive dataset of the general population, additionally searched for cross-relations and illuminated the role of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 status in the associations. For our linear regression and linear mixed effect models, we used 1949 participants from the Study of Health in Pomerania (Germany). AD was assessed using a continuous pre-symptomatic MRI-based score evaluating a participant’s AD-related brain atrophy. In our study, increased whole-blood TREML2 gene expression was significantly associated with reduced WMH volume but not with the AD score. Conversely, rs3747742-C was significantly associated with a reduced AD score but not with WMH volume. The APOE status did not influence the associations. In sum, TREML2 robustly associated with WMH volume and AD-related brain atrophy on different molecular levels. Our results thus underpin TREML2’s role in neurodegeneration, might point to its involvement in AD and WMH via different biological mechanisms, and highlight TREML2 as a worthwhile target for disentangling the two pathologies.
The benefit of regular physical activity and exercise training for the prevention of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases is undisputed. Many molecular mechanisms mediating exercise effects have been deciphered. Personalised exercise prescription can help patients in achieving their individual greatest benefit from an exercise-based cardiovascular rehabilitation programme. Yet, we still struggle to provide truly personalised exercise prescriptions to our patients. In this position paper, we address novel basic and translational research concepts that can help us understand the principles underlying the inter-individual differences in the response to exercise, and identify early on who would most likely benefit from which exercise intervention. This includes hereditary, non-hereditary and sex-specific concepts. Recent insights have helped us to take on a more holistic view, integrating exercise-mediated molecular mechanisms with those influenced by metabolism and immunity. Unfortunately, while the outline is recognisable, many details are still lacking to turn the understanding of a concept into a roadmap ready to be used in clinical routine. This position paper therefore also investigates perspectives on how the advent of ‘big data’ and the use of animal models could help unravel inter-individual responses to exercise parameters and thus influence hypothesis-building for translational research in exercise-based cardiovascular rehabilitation.
The early-life microbiome (ELM) interacts with the psychosocial environment, in particular during early-life adversity (ELA), defining life-long health trajectories. The ELM also plays a significant role in the maturation of the immune system. We hypothesised that, in this context, the resilience of the oral microbiomes, despite being composed of diverse and distinct communities, allows them to retain an imprint of the early environment. Using 16S amplicon sequencing on the EpiPath cohort, we demonstrate that ELA leaves an imprint on both the salivary and buccal oral microbiome 24 years after exposure to adversity. Furthermore, the changes in both communities were associated with increased activation, maturation, and senescence of both innate and adaptive immune cells, although the interaction was partly dependent on prior herpesviridae exposure and current smoking. Our data suggest the presence of multiple links between ELA, Immunosenescence, and cytotoxicity that occur through long-term changes in the microbiome.