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Das Ziel dieser Studie ist die Entwicklung eines Instrumentariums zur Abschätzung der präventiven Ergebnisqualität in einer Zahnarztpraxis auf Basis epidemiologischer Daten (Study of Health in Pomerania, SHIP-0) zum Vergleich altersgruppenspezifischer Zahnverlustkurven. Aus den Praxisakten von vorher definierten Monaten wurden über einen Zeitraum von zwei Jahren Patientengruppen gebildet in denen randomisiert eine Stichprobe je 5-Jahres-Alters- und Geschlechtsstratum gezogen wurde. In sieben Praxen wurden aus der Praxisdokumentation Praxisprofile bezüglich der Zahnzahl der Patienten (20-74 Jahre) erstellt und mit der SHIP-0-Population verglichen. Weiterhin wurde der altersspezifische Zahnverlust der Probanden in den Praxen und bei SHIP-0 mittels der negativ-binomialen Regression modelliert und die angepassten Zahnverlustkurven verglichen, um den Einfluss der Zahnarztpraxis auf den Zahnverlust zu beschreiben. Die Daten von 1497 Praxispatienten und 3990 SHIP-0-Probanden wurden ausgewertet. Die Effektstärke wurde operationalisiert als Inzidenzraten-Ratio (IRR). Die IRR für den Zahnverlust zeigen für alle Zahnarztpraxen einen protektiven Effekt (IRR=0,38-0,68; p<0,001) im Vergleich zu den SHIP-0-Probanden. Anhand des Vergleichs des altersabhängigen Zahnverlustes im Praxisprofil mit einem Referenzprofil aus den bevölkerungsrepräsentativen SHIP-0-Daten kann die grundsätzliche Eignung dieses Instruments für das Qualitätsmanagement und Benchmarking bestätigt werden. Weiterführend sollten die Vergleiche für individuelle patientenseitige Risikofaktoren für Zahnverlust (u.a. sozioökonomischer Status, Rauchstatus) adjustiert und damit das erarbeitete Modell spezifiziert werden.
Diabetes mellitus has been linked with an increased risk for oral diseases, especially periodontitis. However, studies results were not consistent. The present study was conducted to evaluate whether both type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are associated with increased prevalence and extent of periodontal disease and tooth loss compared with non-diabetic subjects within a homogeneous adult study population. T1DM, T2DM and non-diabetic subjects were recruited from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP). Additionally, T1DM subjects were retrieved from a Diabetes Centre in the same region. The total study population comprised 145 T1DM and 2,647 non-diabetic subjects aged 20-59 years, and 182 T2DM and 1,314 non-diabetic subjects aged 50-81 years. Multivariable regression revealed an association between T1DM and mean attachment loss (B=0.40 [95% CI; 0.19, 0.61], adjusted). Also, T1DM was positively associated with increased number of missing teeth after full adjustment (p<0.001). The association between T1DM and tooth loss was enhanced in subjects aged 40-49 and 50-59 years (p for interaction=0.01). In T2DM subjects, mean attachment loss was significantly higher compared with non-diabetic subjects (B=0.47 [95% CI; 0.21, 0.73], adjusted). The effect of T2DM was significantly enhanced in 60-69-years-old subjects (p for interaction=0.04). The association between T2DM and number of missing teeth was not statistically significant after adjustment (p=0.25). Analyses showed that the effect of T2DM on tooth loss was pronounced in females compared with males (p for interaction=0.01). In accordance with previous literature, present results suggested that periodontal diseases and tooth loss can been seen as a complication of both types of diabetes. Generally, periodontal diseases are preventable and treatable. Therefore, appropriate goals and strategies for improving periodontal health in subjects with diabetes need to be developed. Further, early detection and careful managed therapeutics with the physician and dentist working hand-in-hand may prove beneficial to the patient–s general health.
Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurden die Daten von 257 Patienten aus dem Zentrum für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde Greifswald, Poliklinik für Zahnerhaltung, Parodontologie und Endodontologie, Abteilung Parodontologie von 1995 bis einschließlich 2010 erfasst, ausgewertet und interpretiert. Der Zweck dieser Studie lag darin, die Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeiten für Zähne unter verschiedenen Einflussfaktoren zu schätzen. Außerdem sollten in diesem Zusammenhang die Inzidenzraten für Zahnverlust unter verschiedenen Faktoren ermittelt werden. Da es für den Behandler oft schwierig ist, den Erfolg seiner Langzeitbehandlung einzuschätzen, können die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit einen Beitrag dazu leisten, diejenigen Faktoren besser einzuschätzen, die für die Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit von Zähnen von Relevanz sind. Mathematisch ausgewertet wurden die Daten mit Mitteln der Überlebenszeitanalyse. Anders als bei der linearen Regression ermöglicht es das hier angewandte Mittel der Überlebenszeitanalyse, die Information, wie lange ein Zahn mindestens überlebt hat, bis er zensiert wurde, zu verwerten. Diese Zensierung konnte beispielsweise durch das Studienende vor dem Ereigniseintritt, den Umzug oder den Tod des Patienten eintreten. Eine weitere Zielstellung lag in der Erfassung der Entwicklung der Sondierungstiefen über den Zeitraum der gesamten Erhaltungstherapie hinweg. Da die Sondierungstiefe als Parameter für die gegenwärtige Entzündung des Parodontiums gilt, konnte der Erfolg der Parodontaltherapie hieran gut beurteilt werden. Die Unterschiede bei den Überlebenskurven waren bei den folgenden Variablen signifikant: Alter, Beruf, behandelnde Schwester, Plaque, Anzahl der fehlenden Zähne, Kieferart, Mundtklasse, Zahntyp, Beweglichkeit, Furkation, initiale Sondierungstiefe und initialer Knochenverlust. Die Unterschiede bei den Überlebenskurven der Variablen Geschlecht, Raucher, Antibiotika, Compliance und Therapieart waren hingegen nicht signifikant. Anschließend wurde die multivariate gemischte Cox-Regression angewandt, die es einerseits ermöglicht, im Gegensatz zur Analyse der Überlebenskurven, mehrere Variablen gleichzeitig zu betrachten und andererseits, neben der Zahnebene, zusätzlich die Patientenebene zu berücksichtigen. Als Modellauswahlverfahren kam die Stepwise Variable Selection zur Anwendung, um die beste Auswahl von Variablen zu erhalten. Dabei wurden die Variablen Geschlecht, Raucher, Antibiotika, Compliance, Plaque, Mundtklasse und Therapieart nicht in das Modell hinzugefügt. All diese Faktoren hatten in der multivariaten Betrachtung keinen zusätzlichen Einfluss auf die Hazardrate. Es stellte sich heraus, dass ein hohes Alter, ein niedriger Berufsstatus, eine schlechter behandelnde Schwester, eine hohe Anzahl fehlender Zähne, die Zahnlage im Oberkiefer, der Zahntyp Molar, eine hohe Beweglichkeit, Furkationsbefall, eine erhöhte Sondierungstiefe zu Beginn der Erhaltungstherapie und ein erhöhter initialer Knochenverlust den Zahnverlust in der Erhaltungstherapie begünstigen. Die Inzidenz des Zahnverlusts nahm mit zunehmender Sondierungstiefe zu. Insbesondere ab Sondierungstiefen, die größer als 4 mm waren, zeigte sich ein deutlicher Anstieg im Vergleich zu physiologischen Sondierungstiefen. Bezüglich der Entwicklung der Sondierungstiefen ließ sich ein starker Rückgang pathologischer Taschen nach aktiver Therapie feststellen, der über die Dauer des Recalls leicht abnahm.
The long-term effectiveness of powered toothbrushes (PTBs) and interdental cleaning aids (IDAs) on a population level is unproven. We evaluated to what extent changes in PTB and IDA use may explain changes in periodontitis, caries, and tooth loss over the course of 17 y using data for adults (35 to 44 y) and seniors (65 to 74 y) from 3 independent cross-sectional surveys of the German Oral Health Studies (DMS). Oaxaca decomposition analyses assessed to what extent changes in mean probing depth (PD), number of caries-free surfaces, and number of teeth between 1) DMS III and DMS V and 2) DMS IV and DMS V could be explained by changes in PTB and IDA use. Between DMS III and V, PTB (adults: 33.5%; seniors: 28.5%) and IDA use (adults: 32.5%; seniors: 41.4%) increased along with an increase in mean PD, number of caries-free surfaces, and number of teeth. Among adults, IDA use contributed toward increased number of teeth between DMS III and V as well as DMS IV and V. In general, the estimates for adults were of lower magnitude. Among seniors between DMS III and V, PTB and IDA use explained a significant amount of explained change in the number of caries-free surfaces (1.72 and 5.80 out of 8.44, respectively) and the number of teeth (0.49 and 1.25 out of 2.19, respectively). Between DMS IV and V, PTB and IDA use contributed most of the explained change in caries-free surfaces (0.85 and 1.61 out of 2.72, respectively) and the number of teeth (0.25 and 0.46 out of 0.94, respectively) among seniors. In contrast to reported results from short-term clinical studies, in the long run, both PTB and IDA use contributed to increased number of caries-free healthy surfaces and teeth in both adults and seniors.
Although a potential link between periodontitis and cardiorespiratory fitness might provide a reasonable explanation for effects of tooth-related alterations seen on cardiometabolic diseases, evidence is currently limited. Thus, we investigated the association between clinically assessed periodontitis and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Data from 2 independent cross-sectional population-based studies (5-y follow-up of the Study of Health in Pomerania [SHIP-1; N = 1,639] and SHIP-Trend-0 [N = 2,439]) were analyzed. Participants received a half-mouth periodontal examination, and teeth were counted. CPET was based on symptom limited-exercise tests on a bicycle ergometer. Associations of periodontitis parameters with CPET parameters were analyzed by confounder-adjusted multivariable linear regression. In the total sample, mean pocket probing depth (PPD), mean clinical attachment levels, and number of teeth were consistently associated with peak oxygen uptake (peakVO2) and exercise duration in both studies, even after restriction to cardiorespiratory healthy participants. Statistically significant associations with oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold (VO2@AT), slope of the efficiency of ventilation in removing carbon dioxide, and peak oxygen pulse (VÉ/VCO2 slope) occurred. Further, interactions with age were identified, such that mainly older individuals with higher levels of periodontal disease severity were associated with lower peakVO2. Restricted to never smokers, associations with mean clinical attachment levels and the number of teeth mostly diminished, while associations of mean PPD with peakVO2, VO2@AT, VÉ/VCO2 slope, and exercise duration in SHIP-1 and SHIP-Trend-0 were confirmed. In SHIP-1, mean peakVO2 was 1,895 mL/min in participants with a mean PPD of 1.6 mm and 1,809 mL/min in participants with a mean PPD of 3.7 mm. To conclude, only mean PPD reflecting current disease severity was consistently linked to cardiorespiratory fitness in 2 cross-sectional samples of the general population. If confirmed in well-designed large-scale longitudinal studies, the association between periodontitis and cardiorespiratory fitness might provide a biologically plausible mechanism linking periodontitis with cardiometabolic diseases.
Aim
According to retrospective clinical studies, periodontal treatment retains teeth. However, evidence on the effectivity of periodontal treatment stemming from the general population is lacking.
Materials and Methods
We analysed data of periodontally treated patients from routine data of a major German national health insurance (BARMER-MV; sub-sample of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) and from a clinical cohort (Greifswald Approach to Individualized Medicine, GANI_MED), as well as periodontally untreated and treated participants of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND) with either ≥2 or ≥4 teeth with pocket depths ≥4 mm. Yearly tooth loss (YTL) estimates and incidence rates were evaluated.
Results
For moderately to severely affected groups, YTL and incidence rates were higher in BARMER-MV patients (0.35 and 0.18, respectively) than in untreated SHIP-TREND controls (0.19 and 0.08, respectively). In line, treated SHIP-TREND participants exhibited higher YTL rates than untreated SHIP-TREND controls (0.26 vs. 0.19). For severely affected groups, results with respect to tooth loss were inconclusive regarding the beneficial effects of periodontal treatment conducted either in the university (GANI_MED data) or in the general practice.
Conclusion
Until 2021, periodontal treatment performed in German general dental practices within the national health insurance system was probably not efficient in retaining more teeth in the short- to mid-term. Since reimbursement schemes were changed in 2021 and now cover periodontal treatment to a much larger extent, the future will show whether these new reimbursement codes will improve the quality of periodontal treatment and whether they will lead to more long-term tooth retainment.
Aim
To investigate the medium-term associations of serum protein subfractions derived from proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy with periodontitis and tooth loss.
Materials and Methods
A total of 3031 participants of the cohort Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND) were included. In addition to conventional serum testing, serum lipoprotein contents and subfractions were analysed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Confounder-adjusted associations of lipoprotein variables with periodontitis and the number of missing teeth variables were analysed using mixed-effects models with random intercepts for time across individuals, accounting for multiple testing.
Results
While only spurious associations between lipoprotein levels from conventional blood tests were found—that is, triglycerides were associated with mean clinical attachment level (CAL) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C/HDL-C) ratio with the number of missing teeth - several associations emerged from serum lipoprotein subfractions derived from 1H-NMR analysis. Specifically, elevated LDL triglycerides were associated with higher levels of mean probing depth (PD), mean CALs, and increased odds of having <20 teeth. HDL-4 cholesterol levels were inversely associated with mean PD. Systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein) might mediate the effects of LDL and HDL triglyceride contents on periodontitis severity.
Conclusions
Several associations between serum lipoprotein subfractions and periodontitis were observed. As the underlying biochemical mechanisms remain unclear, further research is needed.