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Aging is a risk factor for stroke. Animal models of stroke have been widely used to study the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke, which in turn helped to develop numerous therapeutic strategies. Despite the considerable success of therapeutic strategies in animal models of ischemic stroke, almost all of them have been proved to be unsuccessful in the clinical trials. One of explanation is that data obtained from young animals may not fully resemble the effects of ischemic stroke in aged animals or elder patients, causing the discrepancy between animal experiments and clinical trials. To investigate these differences with regard to age, pathway specific gene arrays were used to identify and isolate differentially expressed genes in periinfarct following focal cerebral ischemia. The results from this study showed a persistent up-regulation of pro-apoptotic and inflammatory-related genes up to 14 days post stroke, a 50% reduction in the number of transcriptionally active stem cell-related genes and a decreased expression of genes with anti-oxidative capacity in aged rats. Also, it was observed that at day 3 post-stroke, the contralateral, healthy hemisphere of young rats is much more active at transcriptional level than that of the aged rats, especially at the level of stem cell- and hypoxia signaling associated genes. Next, protein levels between young and aged post-stroke rats in periinfarct were compared using proteomic tools. Among others, AnxA3 was identified as differentially regulated protein, but the expression of AnxA3 has no significant changes in periinfarct between these two age groups at day 3 and 14. Different from periinfarct, a strong upregulation of AnxA3 at day 3 in young rats plus a strengthened increase of AnxA3 at day 14 in aged rats using immunohistochemical quantification indicated a delayed microglial accumulation in infarct core of aged rats, suggesting that quick activation of microglia in infarct core of young rats might be beneficial for recovery. Colocalization with established microglial marker demonstrated that AnxA3 as a novel microglial marker is implicated in the microglial responses to the focal cerebral ischemia. In addition, it was found that AnxA3 positive microglial cells incorporated more proliferating cell marker BrdU. Third, the expression, localization and function of several transport proteins were investigated in young rats following focal ischemic stroke. P-gp staining was detected in endothelial cells of desintegrated capillaries and by day 14 in newly generated blood vessels. There was no significant difference, however, in the Mdr1a mRNA amount in the periinfarct region compared to the contralateral site. For Bcrp, a significant mRNA up-regulation was observed from day 3 to 14. This up-regulation was followed by the protein as confirmed by quantitative immunohistochemistry. Oatp2, located in the vascular endothelium, was also up-regulated at day 14. For Mrp5, an up-regulation was observed in neurons in the periinfarct region (day 14). In conclusion, reduced transcriptional activity in the healthy, contralateral sensorimotor cortex in conjunction with an early up-regulation of proapoptotic genes and a decreased expression of genes with anti-oxidative capacity in the ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex of aged rats, plus the delayed up-regulation of AnxA3 positive microglial cells in infarct core may contribute to diminished recovery in post-stroke old rats. In addition, it was demonstrated in this study that after stroke the transport proteins were up-regulated with a maximum at day 14, a time point that coincides with behavioral recuperation. The study further suggests Bcrp as a pronounced marker for the regenerative process and a possible functional role of Mrp5 in surviving neurons. This study provided several evidences for the different responses of young and aged rats using a focal ischemic stroke model. Understanding the effect of age is crucial for the development of relevant therapeutic drugs.
Simple Summary
Small molecule inhibitors and targeted therapy are considered to have significant potential for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma therapies. Preclinical studies of novel inhibitors and inhibitor combinations can elucidate their acting mechanisms and provide valuable data for in vivo research and clinical trials. We explored the antitumor efficacy of KRAS inhibitors BI-3406 and sotorasib alone or in combination with the downstream inhibitors trametinib and buparlisib in PDAC cell lines, characterized by different KRAS mutational statuses. The two KRAS inhibitors demonstrated different anti-tumor efficacy and displayed synergistic or additive effects, when combined with downstream pathway inhibitors. These data emphasized the importance of KRAS as a therapeutic target for PDAC and indicate two distinct mechanisms of KRAS inhibition and their interactions with downstream pathway inhibitors.
Abstract
Kirsten rat sarcoma virus (KRAS) mutations are widespread in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and contribute significantly to tumor initiation, progression, tumor relapse/resistance, and prognosis of patients. Although inhibitors against KRAS mutations have been developed, this therapeutic approach is not routinely used in PDAC patients. We investigated the anti-tumor efficacy of two KRAS inhibitors BI-3406 (KRAS::SOS1 inhibitor) and sotorasib (KRAS G12C inhibitor) alone or in combination with MEK1/2 inhibitor trametinib and/or PI3K inhibitor buparlisib in seven PDAC cell lines. Whole transcriptomic analysis of combined inhibition and control groups were comparatively analyzed to explore the corresponding mechanisms of inhibitor combination. Both KRAS inhibitors and corresponding combinations exhibited cytotoxicity against specific PDAC cell lines. BI-3406 enhance the efficacy of trametinib and buparlisib in BXPC-3, ASPC-1 and MIA PACA-2, but not in CAPAN-1, while sotorasib enhances the efficacy of trametinib and buparlisib only in MIA PACA-2. The whole transcriptomic analysis demonstrates that the two triple-inhibitor combinations exert antitumor effects by affecting related cell functions, such as affecting the immune system, cell adhesion, cell migration, and cytokine binding. As well as directly involved in RAF/MEK/ERK pathway and PI3K/AKT pathway affect cell survival. Our current study confirmed inhibition of KRAS and its downstream pathways as a potential novel therapy for PDAC and provides fundamental data for in vivo evaluations.
Salivary glands provide secretory functions, including secretion of xenobiotics and among
them drugs. However, there is no published information about protein abundance of drug transporters
measured using reliable protein quantification methods. Therefore, mRNA expression and absolute
protein content of clinically relevant ABC (n = 6) and SLC (n = 15) family member transporters in the
human parotid gland, using the qRT-PCR and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
(LC−MS/MS) method, were studied. The abundance of nearly all measured proteins ranged between
0.04 and 0.45 pmol/mg (OCT3 > MRP1 > PEPT2 > MRP4 > MATE1 > BCRP). mRNAs of ABCB1,
ABCC2, ABCC3, SLC10A1, SLC10A2, SLC22A1, SLC22A5, SLC22A6, SLC22A7, SLC22A8, SLCO1A2,
SLCO1B1, SLCO1B3 and SLCO2B1 were not detected. The present study provides, for the first time,
information about the protein abundance of membrane transporters in the human parotid gland,
which could further be used to define salivary bidirectional transport (absorption and secretion)
mechanisms of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics.
Intestinal transporter proteins are known to affect the pharmacokinetics and in turn the efficacy and safety of many orally administered drugs in a clinically relevant manner. This knowledge is especially well-established for intestinal ATP-binding cassette transporters such as P-gp and BCRP. In contrast to this, information about intestinal uptake carriers is much more limited although many hydrophilic or ionic drugs are not expected to undergo passive diffusion but probably require specific uptake transporters. A transporter which is controversially discussed with respect to its expression, localization and function in the human intestine is the organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1). This review article provides an up-to-date summary on the available data from expression analysis as well as functional studies in vitro, animal findings and clinical observations. The current evidence suggests that OCT1 is expressed in the human intestine in small amounts (on gene and protein levels), while its cellular localization in the apical or basolateral membrane of the enterocytes remains to be finally defined, but functional data point to a secretory function of the transporter at the basolateral membrane. Thus, OCT1 should not be considered as a classical uptake transporter in the intestine but rather as an intestinal elimination pathway for cationic compounds from the systemic circulation.
Tafazzin—an acyltransferase—is involved in cardiolipin (CL) remodeling. CL is associated with mitochondrial function, structure and more recently with cell proliferation. Various tafazzin isoforms exist in humans. The role of these isoforms in cardiolipin remodeling is unknown. Aim of this study was to investigate if specific isoforms like Δ5 can restore the wild type phenotype with respect to CL composition, cellular proliferation and gene expression profile. In addition, we aimed to determine the molecular mechanism by which tafazzin can modulate gene expression by applying promoter analysis and (Ingenuity Pathway Analyis) IPA to genes regulated by TAZ-deficiency. Expression of Δ5 and rat full length TAZ in C6-TAZ- cells could fully restore CL composition and—as proven for Δ5—this is naturally associated with restoration of mitochondrial respiration. A similar restoration of CL-composition could not be observed after re-expression of an enzymatically dead full-length rat TAZ (H69L; TAZMut). Re-expression of only rat full length TAZ could restore proliferation rate. Surprisingly, the Δ5 variant failed to restore wild-type proliferation. Further, as expected, re-expression of the TAZMut variant completely failed to reverse the gene expression changes, whereas re-expression of the TAZ-FL variant largely did so and the Δ5 variant to somewhat less extent. Very likely TAZ-deficiency provokes substantial long-lasting changes in cellular lipid metabolism which contribute to changes in proliferation and gene expression, and are not or only very slowly reversible.
Protein quality control systems are essential for the viability and growth of all living organisms. They protect the cell from irreversible protein aggregation. Because the frequency of protein misfolding, which ultimately results in protein aggregation, varies with the environmental conditions, the amount and activity of protein quality systems have to be accurately adapted to the rate of protein misfolding. The main goal of this thesis was to gain detailed molecular insights into the transcriptional and post-translational regulation of these protein quality control networks in the ecologically, medically and industrially important phylum of low GC, Gram-positive bacteria. In these bacteria the core protein quality control systems are under the transcriptional control of the global repressor CtsR. In a first study it was demonstrated that the arginine kinase McsB is not responsible for the regulation of CtsR activity during heat stress, as was concluded by others on the basis of previous in vitro data. Rather, it was demonstrated that CtsR acts as an intrinsic thermosensor that adapts its activity to the surrounding temperature. CtsR displays a decreased DNA binding at higher temperatures, which leads to induction of transcription of the protein quality control systems under these conditions. This CtsR feature is conserved in all low GC, Gram-positive bacteria. However, the CtsR proteins of various low GC, Gram-positive species do not have the same temperature optima. CtsR responds to heat in a species-specific manner according to their corresponding growth temperature. Detailed analysis revealed that a highly conserved tetra-glycine loop within the winged helix-turn-helix domain of CtsR is responsible for thermosensing. Dual control of CtsR activity during different stresses was demonstrated for the first time in this work. In addition to heat-dependent de-repression, CtsR is inactivated by thiol-specific stress conditions. This latter de-repression depends on a molecular redox-switch that is independent of CtsR auto-regulation. In Bacillus subtilis and its closest relatives the McsA/McsB stress-sensing complex is responsible for CtsR de-repression during redox stress conditions. McsA is able to sense the redox state of the cell via its highly conserved cysteine residues. When these cysteines are reduced, McsA is able to bind and inhibit McsB. But when these cysteine residues are oxidized, McsB is released from McsA. Thereby, McsB is activated and removes CtsR from the DNA. However, the McsA/McsB complex is not present in all low GC, Gram-positive bacteria. In the species lacking this complex, ClpE is able to act as a redox-sensor probably via its highly conserved N-terminal zinc finger domain. When these cysteine residues are oxidized, ClpE is activated which results in CtsR de-repression. In addition to the transcriptional regulation of CtsR low GC, Gram-positive protein quality control systems are regulated post-transcriptionally. The expression of the McsA/McsB adaptor pair is regulated by CtsR. However, McsB activity is also tightly regulated by three different regulatory proteins (McsA/ClpC/YwlE). McsB is needed to target specific substrates to ClpC, either for refolding or degradation by the ClpCP protease. It was demonstrated that only the auto- phosphorylated form of McsB is able to bind to its substrates. This McsB function is inhibited in non-stressed cells by a direct interaction with ClpC. Consequently, McsB is activated by a release from ClpC during protein stress. In addition, McsB activation depends on the presence of its activator McsA. Accordingly, McsB cannot be activated as an adaptor protein during thiol-specific stress because McsA is no longer able to bind to McsB under these conditions. However, also active McsB is subject to post-translational control. Activated McsB is either de-phosphorylated by McaP or degraded by ClpCP ensuring an appropriate shut-down of the McsB adaptor. Both McaP and ClpC inhibit McsB activity with different intensities. ClpC possesses a stronger impact on McsB activity than McaP but both proteins are needed for an adequate silencing of McsB activity. In addition, it was shown for the first time that B. subtilis McsB is a global adaptor that influences the stability of multiple proteins. The B. subtilis ClpC protein is unlike most members of the Hsp100 family because it not only requires several adaptor proteins for substrate recognition but also for its general ATP- dependent activity. Biochemical analysis revealed how ClpC is activated by distinct adaptor proteins. McsB modulates ClpC activity by regulatory phosphorylation of arginine residues. Moreover, McaP (formerly YwlE) was identified as an arginine phosphatase that modulates the McsB mediated ClpC activity. MecA, another known adaptor protein for ClpC, activates ClpC independently of these arginine phosphorylations, which demonstrates the existence of multiple pathways for ClpC activation.
Alternative splicing (AS) is a major mechanism for gene expression in eukaryotes, increasing proteome diversity but also regulating transcriptome abundance. High temperatures have a strong impact on the splicing profile of many genes and therefore AS is considered as an integral part of heat stress response. While many studies have established a detailed description of the diversity of the RNAome under heat stress in different plant species and stress regimes, little is known on the underlying mechanisms that control this temperature-sensitive process. AS is mainly regulated by the activity of splicing regulators. Changes in the abundance of these proteins through transcription and AS, post-translational modifications and interactions with exonic and intronic cis-elements and core elements of the spliceosomes modulate the outcome of pre-mRNA splicing. As a major part of pre-mRNAs are spliced co-transcriptionally, the chromatin environment along with the RNA polymerase II elongation play a major role in the regulation of pre-mRNA splicing under heat stress conditions. Despite its importance, our understanding on the regulation of heat stress sensitive AS in plants is scarce. In this review, we summarize the current status of knowledge on the regulation of AS in plants under heat stress conditions. We discuss possible implications of different pathways based on results from non-plant systems to provide a perspective for researchers who aim to elucidate the molecular basis of AS under high temperatures.
Abstract
Pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) has become a species of interest in aquaculture. It is a popular and economically valuable food fish and can produce high numbers of offspring. However, during early development, there are transition phases when high mortality rates concur with growth changes, vital organ transformations and a limited energy budget. Up to now, no study focused on the developmental adaption of muscle tissue in pikeperch, regardless of muscle tissue influencing essential traits such as locomotion and thus the competence to hunt prey and avoid predators. In the present study, therefore, the developmental myogenesis of pikeperch was analysed using specimens from early embryonic to larval development. Myogenic and developmental genes were utilized to gain insights into transcriptomic regulation during these stages by applying a nanofluidic qPCR approach. Result, three phases of myogenic gene expression, during somitogenesis, during the late embryonic development and during the larval development were detected. Increased myostatin expression showed an interim arrest of muscle formation between embryonic and larval myogenesis. Expression patterns of satellite cell gene markers indicated an accumulation of stem cells before myogenesis interruption. The here gained data will help to broaden the knowledge on percid myogenesis and can support pikeperch rearing in aquaculture.
Myokardiale Erkrankungen gehören zu den häufigsten Todesursachen. Das Verständnis der molekularen, patho-physiologischen Ereignisse ist somit entscheidend für die Suche nach geeigneten Therapien. Um einen Einblick in zelluläre Ereignisse der kardialen Erkrankungen zu erhalten, sollten in der hier vorgelegten Arbeit Genexpressionsanalysen unter Verwendung von DNA-Mikroarrays durchgeführt werden. Den Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit bildete die Charakterisierung der Immunadsorptionstherapie (IA/IgG-Therapie), die eine Therapieoption der dilatativen Kardiomyopathie (DCM) darstellt. Anhand von Genexpressionsanalysen immunadsorbierter Patienten sollte der Therapieeffekt analysiert werden. Dafür wurde zunächst die Etablierung eines Protokolls zur Isolation von Protein und RNA aus humanen endomyokardialen Biopsien von DCM-Patienten nötig. Um die mit der Therapie verbundenen Genexpressionsänderungen einordnen zu können, sollte zunächst das Genexpressionsmuster von 47 DCM-Patienten mit Patienten ohne Einschränkung der Pumpfunktion (Kontrollen) verglichen und mittels Real-time PCR validiert werden. Die Betrachtung dieser DCM-Patienten und Patienten, die eine normale Pumpfunktion aufwiesen, ergab 649 Gene mit krankheitsbedingt veränderter Expression. Zu diesen gehören neben bekannten Herzinsuffizienz-Markern (BNP, ANP, MYH6) Gene, die Proteine des Protein-Ubiquitinylierungssystem kodieren oder an der Ausprägung von Hypoxie und Fibrose (Connective tissue growth factor) beteiligt sind und auf eine Dysregulation des Proteinabbaus, erhöhten oxidativen Stress und Matrix-Remodeling hinweisen. Darüber hinaus ist aufgrund der geringeren Expression von Genen, die der oxidativen Phosphorylierung und Glykolyse zuzuordnen sind, von einer Energielimitation in DCM-Patienten auszugehen. Unter Berücksichtigung von verschiedenen klinischen Parametern bestand weiterhin die Aufgabe, den Einfluss dieser Parameter auf die Genexpression zu klären. Während wenig Korrelationen zu Body-Mass-Index (BMI), Alter und Krankheitszeitraum auftrat, wurde eine Häufung von Genen festgestellt, deren Expression zur LVEF und LVIDd korreliert. Gene, die Regulatoren mit myokardialer Funktion kodieren (ADRA1A, ADRB2, PLN, RYR2), zeigten gleichzeitig Korrelationen zur LVEF und dem LVIDd (p<0,05). Darüber hinaus sollte das Genexpressionsprofil von Patienten, die von der IA/IgG-Therapie profitieren (Responder) mit den Patienten ohne Therapieerfolg (Nonresponder) vor und 6 Monate nach der IA/IgG-Therapie verglichen werden. In der Subgruppe der Responder wurde für 171 Gene eine signifikant unterschiedliche Expression bestimmt, während die Zahl der durch die Therapie in ihrer Expressionshöhe betroffenen Gene in Nonrespondern mit 72 wesentlich geringer ausfiel. Gene, die sowohl in Respondern nach Therapie als auch krankheitsbedingt verändert waren, konnten kaum beobachtet werden, so dass andere Mechanismen für den Therapieeffekt verantwortlich sein müssen. Neben einer geringeren Expression des ACE2 wurde auch eine Abnahme Fibrose-assoziierter Gene wie CTGF, Fibronectin und Collagen 1A2 in Respondern nach IA/IgG-Therapie beobachtet. Zudem war eine signifikante LVIDd-Abnahme in Respondern zu verzeichnen, die in Nonrespondern nicht zu erkennen war. In Nonrespondern wurde nach IA/IgG-Therapie dagegen die verminderte Expression einiger Komplementfaktoren beobachtet. Zudem bestand die Aufgabe in der Suche nach Genexpressionsänderungen immunadsorbierter DCM-Patienten, die mit der Änderung klinischer Parameter korrelieren. Weiterhin sollte im Rahmen dieser Arbeit eine beschreibende Signatur definiert werden, die eine Vorhersage des Therapieerfolges für den individuellen DCM-Patienten vor Durchführung der IA/IgG-Therapie ermöglicht. Unter Verwendung des Resamplings (Crossvalidierung) wurde mit Hilfe einer Support Vector Machine eine Signatur von 25 Genen definiert, die eine Klassifizierung der Subgruppen mit einer Fehlerrate von 3,7% erlaubt. Die in Abhängigkeit verschiedener, myokardialer Parameter gezeigten Genexpressionsunterschiede in DCM-Patienten spiegeln die Dynamik der Erkrankung wider. Der Einfluss der IA/IgG-Therapie auf die Genexpression von Patienten, die an der DCM erkrankt sind, betrifft eine Vielzahl von Genen verschiedener Kategorien. Korrelationsanalysen zeigen, dass ein Zusammenhang zwischen Genexpressionsänderung und den Änderungen der Parameter LVEF, LVIDd und Inflammation bestehen. Mit der Definition von Patienten, die von der IA/IgG-Therapie profitieren, wurden auch Unterschiede bezüglich klinischer Parameter (LVIDd, Zeitraum der Erkrankung) deutlich, die zum Verständnis der hier dargestellten Genexpressionsunterschiede beitragen. Die generierten Daten bieten neben dem besseren Verständnis der im Myokard ablaufenden Prozesse eine Reihe von Ansatzpunkten für weitere Untersuchungen, wie zum Beispiel zur Rolle des IGF-1-Signalweges oder des Protein-Ubiquitinylierungssystems bei der Ausprägung der DCM, die auch zu neuen Therapieansätzen beitragen können.
Although the common pathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) is disputed, the gene TREML2 has been implicated in both conditions: its whole-blood gene expression was associated with WMH volume and its missense variant rs3747742 with AD risk. We re-examined those associations within one comprehensive dataset of the general population, additionally searched for cross-relations and illuminated the role of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 status in the associations. For our linear regression and linear mixed effect models, we used 1949 participants from the Study of Health in Pomerania (Germany). AD was assessed using a continuous pre-symptomatic MRI-based score evaluating a participant’s AD-related brain atrophy. In our study, increased whole-blood TREML2 gene expression was significantly associated with reduced WMH volume but not with the AD score. Conversely, rs3747742-C was significantly associated with a reduced AD score but not with WMH volume. The APOE status did not influence the associations. In sum, TREML2 robustly associated with WMH volume and AD-related brain atrophy on different molecular levels. Our results thus underpin TREML2’s role in neurodegeneration, might point to its involvement in AD and WMH via different biological mechanisms, and highlight TREML2 as a worthwhile target for disentangling the two pathologies.
Das Kiefergelenk ist integraler Bestandteil des stomatognathen Systems und besitzt umfangreiche Adaptionsmöglichkeiten auf Änderungen funktioneller und struktureller Art. Die Fragestellung dieser Studie war daher, die Auswirkung experimentell veränderter Okklusion auf den Knorpel im posterokranialen Bereich des Condylus mandibulae nach Vorverlagerung des Unterkiefers zu untersuchen. 20 Schweine wurden randomisiert in eine Untersuchungsgruppe und eine Kontrollgruppe á 10 Tiere aufgeteilt. Bei der Untersuchungsgruppe erfolgte eine definierte iatrogene Mandibulavorverlagerung in sagittaler Richtung mittels Kunststoffaufbissen für 4 Wochen. Sechs für den Knorpelmetabolismus relevante Gene wurden ausgewählt (Coll1, Coll2, Coll10, MMP8, MMP13, VEGF) und einer Expressionsanalyse mittels RT-PCR unterzogen. Eine differenzielle Regulation der Genexpression im posterokranialen Condylarknorpel konnte nachgewiesen werden. Coll-10 wurde signifikant geringer (p<0.05), während Coll-2, MMP-8 und VEGF signifikant erhöht exprimiert wurden (p<0,05). Coll-1 und MMP-13 zeigten einen leichten jedoch nicht signifikanten Anstieg. Die untersuchten Gene stehen in nachgewiesenem Zusammenhang mit Wachstumsprozessen und Gewebedifferenzierung, so dass sicherlich vermutet werden kann, dass am wachsenden Organismus der Effekt einer funktionskieferorthopädischen Therapie nicht rein passiv adaptiv, sondern auch wachstumsbeeinflussend sein kann. Obgleich die Interpretation der Ergebnisse angesichts der noch nicht abschließend aufgeklärten Funktion der exprimierten Gene vorsichtig erfolgt, kann dennoch ein induzierter geregelter Remodelling-Prozeß im posterokranialen Bereich des Kondylarknorpels vermutet werden, der bereits in zahlreichen histologischen und histomorphometrischen Studien Erwähnung findet.