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A New Laboratory Workflow Integrating the Free Light Chains Kappa Quotient into Routine CSF Analysis
(2022)
We performed this cohort study to test whether further analysis of intrathecal inflammation can be omitted if the free light chain kappa (FLCκ) quotient is within the reference range in the corresponding quotient diagram. FLCκ concentrations were measured in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. The intrathecal fraction (IF) of FLCκ was calculated in relation to the hyperbolic reference range. 679 patient samples were used as a discovery cohort (DC). The sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV) of the FLCκ-IF for the detection of an intrathecal humoral immune response (CSF-specific OCB and/or IF IgG/A/M > 0%) was determined. Based on these data, a diagnostic algorithm was developed and prospectively validated in an independent validation cohort (VC, n = 278). The sensitivity of the FLCκ-IF was 98% in the DC and 97% in the VC with a corresponding NPV of 99%. The use of the FLCκ-IF as a first line analysis would have reduced the Ig and OCB analysis by 62% in the DC and 74% in the VC. The absence of a FLCκ-IF predicts the absence of a humoral intrathecal immune response with a very high NPV of 99%. Thus, integration of our proposed algorithm into routine CSF laboratory analysis could help to reduce analytical efforts.
Alongside biological, psychological, and social risk factors, psychotic syndromes may berelated to disturbances of neuronal migration. This highly complex process characterizesthe developing brain of the fetus, the early postnatal brain, and the adult brain, as reflectedby changes within the subventricular zone and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus,where neurogenesis persists throughout life. Psychosis also appears to be linked tohuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. However, little is known about the connectionbetween psychosis, HCMV infection, and disruption of neuronal migration. The presentstudy addresses the hypothesis that HCMV infection may lead to mental disordersthrough mechanisms of autoimmune cross-reactivity. Searching for common peptidesthat underlie immune cross-reactions, the analyses focus on HCMV and human proteinsinvolved in neuronal migration. Results demonstrate a large overlap of viral peptides withhuman proteins associated with neuronal migration, such as ventral anterior homeobox 1and cell adhesion molecule 1 implicated in GABAergic and glutamatergicneurotransmission. The presentfindings support the possibility of immune cross-reactivity between HCMV and human proteins that—when altered, mutated, orimproperly functioning—may disrupt normal neuronal migration. In addition, thesefindings are consistent with a molecular and mechanistic framework for pathologicalsequences of events, beginning with HCMV infection, followed by immune activation,cross-reactivity, and neuronal protein variations that may ultimately contribute to theemergence of mental disorders, including psychosis
Socio-cognitive abilities and challenges change across the healthy lifespan and are essential for successful human interaction. Identifying effective socio-cognitive training approaches for healthy individuals may prevent development of mental or physical disease and reduced quality of life. A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE Ovid, Web of Science Core Collection, CENTRAL, and PsycInfo databases. Studies that investigated different socio-cognitive trainings for healthy individuals across the human lifespan assessing effects on theory of mind, emotion recognition, perspective taking, and social decision making were included. A random-effects pairwise meta-analysis was conducted. Risk-of-Bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias-2-Tool. Twenty-three intervention studies with N = 1835 participants were included in the systematic review; twelve randomized controlled trials in the meta-analysis (N = 875). Socio-cognitive trainings differed regarding duration and content in different age groups, with theory of mind being the domain most frequently trained. Results of the meta-analysis showed that trainings were highly effective for improving theory of mind in children aged 3–5 years (SMD = 2.51 (95%CI: 0.48–4.53)), children aged 7–9 years (SMD = 2.71 (95%CI: − 0.28 to 5.71)), and older adults (SMD = 5.90 (95%CI: 2.77–9.02). Theory of mind training was highly effective in all investigated age-groups for improving theory of mind, yet, more research on transfer effects to other socio-cognitive processes and further investigation of training effects in other socio-cognitive domains (e.g., emotion recognition, visual perspective taking, social decision making) is needed. Identified characteristics of successful socio-cognitive trainings in different age groups may help designing future training studies for other populations.
BACKGROUND Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a rare, acquired demyelination syndrome that causes cognitive impairment and
focal neurological deficits and may be fatal. The potentially reversible disease mainly affects children, often after vaccination or viral infection, but may
be seen rarely in adults.
OBSERVATIONS A 50-year-old woman presented with loss of visual acuity of the left eye. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed an intra- and
suprasellar mass, which was removed successfully. On postoperative day 1, MRI showed gross total resection of the lesion and no surgery-related
complications. On postoperative day 2, the patient presented with a progressive left-sided hemiparesis, hemineglect, and decline of cognitive
performance. MRI showed white matter edema in both hemispheres. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed mixed pleocytosis (355/mL) without further
evidence of infection. In synopsis of the findings, ADEM was diagnosed and treated with intravenous immunoglobulins. Shortly thereafter, the patient
recovered, and no sensorimotor deficits were detected in the follow-up examination.
LESSONS Pituitary gland pathologies are commonly treated by transsphenoidal surgery, with only minor risks for complications. A case of ADEM after
craniopharyngioma resection has not been published before and should be considered in case of progressive neurological deterioration with multiple
white matter lesions.
Es gibt Hinweise darauf, dass das Kleinhirn an affektiven und kognitiven Verarbeitungsprozessen und an Arbeitsgedächtnisleistungen beteiligt ist. In dieser Arbeit wurden 8 Patienten mit Kleinhirninsulten (Durchschnittsalter 61,25 Jahre), die in der neurologischen Klinik der Universitätsmedizin Greifswald behandelt wurden und 7 Patienten mit peripher neurologischen Erkrankungen (Durchschnittsalter 56,71 Jahre), bei denen eine Kleinhirnläsion ausgeschlossen worden war, untersucht. Zur Beurteilung veränderter neuronaler Aktivitäten wurde eine 129-Kanal-Elektroenzephalographie-Studie (EEG) verwendet und mithilfe der Interpretation ereigniskorrelierter Potentiale (EKP) verschiedene affektive und kognitive Verarbeitungsprozesse analysiert. In der Teilstudie 1 wurde die frühe Verarbeitung visuell-affektiver Stimuli, in der Teilstudie 2 affektive und kognitive Verarbeitungsprozesse während der Präsentation visueller Stimuli, in der Teilstudie 3 affektive und kognitive Verarbeitungsprozesse während der Präsentation visueller und akustischer Stimuli und in der Teilstudie 4 die späte Verarbeitung visuell-affektiver Stimuli untersucht. Zur Untersuchung der affektiven Verarbeitungsprozesse wurden Bilder verschiedenen emotionalen Inhaltes (angenehm, neutral, unangenehm) und Erregungsstufe (schwach bis stark erregend) aus dem Katalog des International Affective Picture System (IAPS) verwendet. Es wurden Bilder in schneller 333ms (Teilstudien 1 bis 3) oder in langsamer Abfolge von 1000ms (Teilstudie 4) präsentiert. Zur Untersuchung kognitiver Verarbeitungsprozesse wurden die IAPS-Bilder bearbeitet. Für die Teilstudie 2 wurden sie mit Linien (horizontal/vertikal) überlagert und für die Teilstudie 3 mit Tönen (hoch/tief) synchronisiert. Linien und Töne unterschieden sich in ihrer Wahrscheinlichkeit des Auftretens, wobei die seltenen Reize als Zielreize dienten, welche von den Probanden mitgezählt werden mussten. Es wurden durch dieses Studiendesign folgende ereigniskorrelierte Potentiale gemessen: Die EPN, die visuelle P200 und P300, die akustische P300 und das LPP. Bezüglich der frühen und späten Verarbeitung visuell-affektiver Stimuli konnten folgende Daten erhoben werden. In der Teilstudie 1 lösten in der Läsionsgruppe nur stark erregend angenehme vs. neutrale Bilder eine EPN aus. Ein signifikanter Gruppeneffekt bestand jedoch nicht. In der Teilstudie 2 war weder für schwach noch für starke erregend affektive vs. neutrale Bilder eine EPN in der Läsions- und Kontrollgruppe nachweisbar. In der Teilstudie 3 konnte zwar nur in der Kontrollgruppe für stark erregend angenehme vs. neutrale Bilder eine EPN nachgewiesen werden, die Gruppen unterschieden sich jedoch nicht signifikant voneinander. In der Teilstudie 4 lösten weder schwach noch stark erregend affektive Bilder ein LPP in der Läsionsgruppe aus. Ein signifikanter Gruppeneffekt bestand nicht, trotz nachweisbaren LPPs in der Kontrollgruppe für schwach erregend angenehme und stark erregend affektive vs. neutrale Bilder. Bezogen auf kognitive Verarbeitungsprozesse konnte in beiden Gruppen in der Teilstudie 2 eine visuelle P300 nach der Präsentation seltener Zielreize nachgewiesen werden. Die Läsionsgruppe wies dagegen eine signifikante visuelle P200 nach Präsentation von Zielreizen gegenüber der Kontrollgruppe auf. Eine akustische P300 (P3b) war in der Teilstudie 3 nach der Präsentation akustischer Zielreize in keiner Gruppe nachweisbar. Dagegen bestand in der Kontrollgruppe eine signifikant stärkere P3a. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Patienten mit einer Kleinhirnläsion keine Beeinträchtigung in der frühen oder späten Verarbeitung visuell-affektiver Stimuli aufweisen. Sie sind in der Lage, eine Bottom-up-Prozessierung visuell-affektiver Stimuli durchzuführen und sie nach ihrer Motivationsrelevanz einzuordnen. Patienten mit einer Kleinhirnläsion unterscheiden sich nicht signifikant in ihrer neuronalen Aktivität gegenüber der Kontrollgruppe während intra- und crossmodaler Verarbeitungsprozesse von visuell-affektiven Stimuli während visueller oder akustischer Aufgaben. Die in vielen Studien beobachteten affektiven Auffälligkeiten bei Patienten mit einer Kleinhirnischämie sind daher auf spätere Verarbeitungs- und Ausführungsprozesse von Emotionen zurückzuführen, welche einer kognitiven und somit Top-down-Kontrolle unterliegen. Patienten mit einer Kleinhirnläsion benötigen allerdings mehr Arbeitsgedächtnisleistung, um die gestellte visuell-kognitive Aufgabe zu absolvieren. Des Weiteren weisen sie Beeinträchtigungen in supramodalen kognitiven Verarbeitungsprozessen auf. Je schwieriger die kognitiven Anforderungen sind, umso mehr weisen Patienten mit einer Kleinhirnläsion Beeinträchtigungen in Form veränderter neuronaler Aktivität auf. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit weisen darauf hin, dass das Kleinhirn vor allem an kognitiven und weniger an affektiven Verarbeitungsprozessen beteiligt ist.
Abstract: Ischemic stroke is an aging disease and causes high mortality or long-term disability. The reduced neurological recovery in aging is possibly associated with impairment of angiogenesis and non-specific enhancement of inflammatory reaction. To check this hypotheses, those events were compared within young and elder animals brain at day 14 following focal ischemic stroke. Moreover, it is of importance to investigate also the potential therapies of indomethacin for prolonging the therapeutic window using aged animal models. The focus of present study was on neurobiological and neurological differences between young and old rats modulated by indomethacin daily treatment beginning at four hours post-ischemic episode. The effectiveness of indomethacin treatment in young and elder rats was probed using immunohistochemistry, oligonucleotide microarray, Real Time PCR and neurological evaluation. Our results provide insight of several age-independent positive consequences of Cox non-specific inhibition by indomethacin including increased NeuN positive surviving neurons, reduced infarct volume and enhanced neuroprotective response of innate immune system evidenced by increased Iba1 and Anx3 immunoreactivities in moderately activated microglia in periinfarction. From gene level we observed in both age groups downregulation of Mdk and Cxcl1 chemokines, and Id3 transcription factor which might modulate inflammatory response and facilitate repair. Other several findings showed age-dependent drug effect. Indomethacin had reduced efficacy in aged ischemic brain. From a total of 34 genes differential regulated, we observed 43% in young and only 28% of genes in aged have tendency toward age-matched sham expression level. In aged rats, indomethacin is ineffective in inhibiting phagocytic activity which is probably due to no expression changes of several cytokines like Tnfá and Cxcl4. Also, at protein level we observed no change of lysosomal ED1 immunoreactivity under treatment. On the other hand aging is characterized by no expression changes of Plau, Timp1, Timp2 and Col18a1 after treatment resulting in no improvement of angiogenesis. In young rats, conversely, drug administration decreased phagocytic activity by downregulating several cytotoxic cytokines such as Tnfá and Cxcl4. Moreover, the observable decrease of proteases like MMP10, Plau and MMP inhibitor Timp2 employed in matrix remodeling together with downregulation of Col18a1 expression after treatment might sustain angiogenesis in young rat ischemic brain. Indomethacin improves the motor-sensory performance in ischemic stroke rats as compared with age-matched untreated animals. Young rats fully recovered while aged showed important recuperation but did not achieve the preoperative level. In view of all this, indomethacin treatment might be consider as adjuvant therapy following ischemic stroke, even if aging blunts the positive effect of indomethacin on altered angiogenic-related gene expression. Because of the small number of rats, the results obtained from this study show only a tendency to significance and that further studies with more animals need to be statistically validated before firmly conclusions can be drawn. KEY WORDS: indomethacin; aging; microglia; angiogenesis; gene expression; microarray; neurological recovery; reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion.
Manual sleep scoring for research purposes and for the diagnosis of sleep disorders is labor-intensive and often varies significantly between scorers, which has motivated many attempts to design automatic sleep stage classifiers. With the recent introduction of large, publicly available hand-scored polysomnographic data, and concomitant advances in machine learning methods to solve complex classification problems with supervised learning, the problem has received new attention, and a number of new classifiers that provide excellent accuracy. Most of these however have non-trivial barriers to use. We introduce the Greifswald Sleep Stage Classifier (GSSC), which is free, open source, and can be relatively easily installed and used on any moderately powered computer. In addition, the GSSC has been trained to perform well on a large variety of electrode set-ups, allowing high performance sleep staging with portable systems. The GSSC can also be readily integrated into brain-computer interfaces for real-time inference. These innovations were achieved while simultaneously reaching a level of accuracy equal to, or exceeding, recent state of the art classifiers and human experts, making the GSSC an excellent choice for researchers in need of reliable, automatic sleep staging.
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection affects millions of individuals worldwide and can lead to severe leukemia, myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis, and numerous other disorders. Pursuing a safe and effective immunotherapeutic approach, we compared the viral polyprotein and the human proteome with a sliding window approach in order to identify oligopeptide sequences unique to the virus. The immunological relevance of the viral unique oligopeptides was assessed by searching them in the immune epitope database (IEDB). We found that HTLV-1 has 15 peptide stretches each consisting of uniquely viral non-human pentapeptides which are ideal candidate for a safe and effective anti-HTLV-1 vaccine. Indeed, experimentally validated HTLV-1 epitopes, as retrieved from the IEDB, contain peptide sequences also present in a vast number of human proteins, thus potentially instituting the basis for cross-reactions. We found a potential for cross-reactivity between the virus and the human proteome and described an epitope platform to be used in order to avoid it, thus obtaining effective, specific, and safe immunization. Potential advantages for mRNA and peptide-based vaccine formulations are discussed.
Background
Understanding how SARS-CoV-2 affects respiratory centres in the brainstem may help to preclude assisted ventilation for patients in intensive care setting. Viral invasion appears unlikely, although autoimmunity has been implicated, the responsible antigens remain unknown. We previously predicted the involvement of three epitopes within distinct brainstem proteins: disabled homolog 1 (DAB1), apoptosis-inducing-factor-1 (AIFM1), and surfeit-locus-protein-1 (SURF1).
Methods
Here, we used microarrays to screen serum from COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care and compared those with controls who experienced mild course of the disease.
Findings
The results confirm the occurrence of IgG and IgM antibodies against the hypothesised epitopes in COVID-19 patients. Importantly, while IgM levels were similar in both groups, IgG levels were significantly elevated in severely ill patients compared to controls, suggesting a pathogenic role of IgG.
Interpretation
The newly discovered anti-neuronal antibodies might be promising markers of severe disease and the targeted peptide epitopes might be used for targeted immunomodulation. Further work is needed to determine whether these antibodies may play a role in long-COVID.
Funding
AF, CF and PR received support from the German Research Foundation (grants FL 379/22-1, 327654276-SFB 1315, FR 4479/1-1, PR 1274/8-1). SH, DR, and DB received support from the Ministry of Economy, State of Mecklenburg Western Pomerania, Germany (grant COVIDPROTECT: “Optimisation of diagnostic and therapeutic pathways for COVID-19 patients in MV”). SH received support from the Research Group Molecular Medicine University of Greifswald (FVMM, seed funding FOVB-2021-01). AV received support from the Else Kröner Fresenius Foundation and the Alzheimer Research Initiative.
Deteriorations in slow wave sleep (SWS) have been linked to brain aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), possibly due to its key role in clearance of amyloid-beta and tau (Aß/tau), two pathogenic hallmarks of AD. Spermidine administration has been shown to improve sleep quality in animal models. So far, the association between spermidine levels in humans and parameters of SWS physiology are unknown but may be valuable for therapeutic strategies. Data from 216 participants (age range 50–81 years) of the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania TREND were included in our analysis. We investigated associations between spermidine plasma levels, key parameters of sleep macroarchitecture and microarchitecture that were previously associated with AD pathology, and brain health measured via a marker of structural brain atrophy (AD score). Higher spermidine levels were significantly associated with lower coupling between slow oscillations and spindle activity. No association was evident for SWS, slow oscillatory, and spindle activity throughout non-rapid eye movement sleep. Furthermore, elevated spermidine blood levels were significantly associated with a higher AD score, while sleep markers revealed no association with AD score. The association between higher spermidine levels and brain health was not mediated by coupling between slow oscillations and spindle activity. We report that higher spermidine blood levels are associated not only with deteriorated brain health but also with less advantageous markers of sleep quality in older adults. Future studies need to evaluate whether sleep, spermidine, and Aß/tau deposition are interrelated and whether sleep may play a mediating role.
Introduction
Supplementation with spermidine may support healthy aging, but elevated spermidine tissue levels were shown to be an indicator of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
Methods
Data from 659 participants (age range: 21–81 years) of the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania TREND were included. We investigated the association between spermidine plasma levels and markers of brain aging (hippocampal volume, AD score, global cortical thickness [CT], and white matter hyperintensities [WMH]).
Results
Higher spermidine levels were significantly associated with lower hippocampal volume (ß = −0.076; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.13 to −0.02; q = 0.026), higher AD score (ß = 0.118; 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.19; q = 0.006), lower global CT (ß = −0.104; 95% CI: −0.17 to −0.04; q = 0.014), but not WMH volume. Sensitivity analysis revealed no substantial changes after excluding participants with cancer, depression, or hemolysis.
Discussion
Elevated spermidine plasma levels are associated with advanced brain aging and might serve as potential early biomarker for AD and vascular brain pathology.
Stigmatisierung tritt bei psychischen, körperlichen sowie chronisch neurologischen Erkrankungen auf. Stigma kann vielfältige Auswirkungen auf Betroffene haben: Es vergrößert Gesundheitsunterschiede, verringert Lebensqualität und schafft Hürden, Gesundheitsleistungen zu nutzen. Internationale Studien zu diesem Thema zeig-ten, dass Stigma bei MS-Patient*innen u.a. die Lebensqualität, das psychische Wohlbefinden, das Offenlegen der Erkrankung und die Einhaltung von Therapien beeinflusst. Hinsichtlich der Stigmatisierung bei chronisch neurologischen Erkran-kungen, wie Multipler Sklerose (MS), gibt es in Deutschland bisher keine Studien. Ziel dieser Arbeit war eine erstmalige Datenerhebung zu Stigmatisierung bei MS. Endpunkte der Erhebung sind, welche Formen von Stigma in dieser Kohorte vorlie-gen und ob es psychische Komponenten, krankheitsspezifische Eigenschaften o-der soziodemographische Daten gibt, die im Zusammenhang mit Stigma stehen. Diese Daten wurden daraufhin in Vergleich zu internationalen Daten gestellt. Auch bisher noch kaum erforschte Assoziationen zu Stigma und Fatigue wurden näher betrachtet.
Die Studie wurde als prospektive Kohortenstudie in Form validierter Fragebögen an der Universität Greifswald (Klinik für Psychiatrie und Klinik für Neurologie) durchge-führt. Zur Auswertung unserer Daten wurden zunächst Basistabellen mit Angaben aus Mittelwert, Standardabweichung, Median und Interquartilenabstand verwendet. Um einen monotonen Zusammenhang zwischen den Variablen zu untersuchen, wurde der Rangkorrelationskoeffizient nach Spearman angewandt; um Assoziatio-nen aufzuzeigen die negative binomiale Regression.
Die Zusammensetzung der Kohorte mit dem Anteil an Männern (26%) und Frauen (74%) ist repräsentativ für MS. Alter und Erkrankungsdauer sind heterogen verteilt. 88 Personen hatten den schubförmig remittierenden MS-Typ, 11 den sekundär pro-gredienten und ein Patient den primär progredienten Verlaufstyp. Der Stigmatisie-rungsgrad in dieser MS-Kohorte ist gering. Der Modalwert für beide Stigma-Skalen liegt jeweils beim Minimum. Stigmatisierung korreliert signifikant auf hohem zweisei-tigen Signifikanzniveau (p>0,05) mit Depression (Korrelationskoeffizient 0,55), Fati-gue (0,51) und Behinderung (0,34). Für Lebensqualität liegt eine negative Korrelati-on vor (-0,54). Bei hohem Signifikanzniveau (p=0,001) erhöhen Behinderung und Depression das Risiko für MS-bezogene Stigmatisierung im Vergleich zu einer ge-sunden Referenzgruppe: Behinderung erhöht es jährlich um 38% und Depression um 5%. Mit jedem weiteren Lebensjahr der Patient*innen sinkt das Stigma-Risiko um 2,7 %. Bei Menschen mit Fatigue steigt das Risiko stigmatisiert zu werden jähr-lich um 2%.
Durch die vorliegende Arbeit konnten Ergebnisse internationaler Studien hinsicht-lich der Zusammenhänge zwischen Depression und Behinderung zu Stigma bestä-tigt werden. Ebenfalls konnte bestätigt werden, dass der Stigmatisierungsgrad bei MS eher gering ist. Der Grad der Behinderung beeinflusst das Stigmatisierungser-leben am stärksten, was sich häufiger in Form von internalisiertem statt öffentlichem Stigma äußert. Dass Jüngere eher betroffen sind, kann mit dem Vorkommen von erwartetem Stigma bei Unvorhersagbarkeit der Diagnose erklärt werden. Das erwar-tete Stigma kann schließlich besonders bei jüngeren Patient*innen zur Verheimli-chung der Erkrankung führen. Dies wurde im Prozess dieser Arbeit herausgearbei-tet und sollte in weiteren Studien noch eingehender untersucht werden. Da im Alter Stigmatisierung vorliegt und Behinderung ebenso wie behinderungsbezogenes Stigma mit dem Alter zunehmen, liegt die Vermutung nahe, dass im Alter andere Formen von Stigma eine Rolle spielen.
Objective: This study was conducted to elucidate prevalence, clinical features, outcomes, and best treatment in patients with late-onset seizures due to autoimmune encephalitis (AE).
Methods: This is a single-institution prospective cohort study (2012–2019) conducted at the Epilepsy Center at the University of Greifswald, Germany. A total of 225 patients aged ≥50 years with epileptic seizures were enrolled and underwent an MRI/CT scan, profiling of neural antibodies (AB) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and neuropsychological testing. On the basis of their work-up, patients were categorized into the following three cohorts: definite, suspected, or no AE. Patients with definite and suspected AE were subsequently treated with immunosuppressive therapy (IT) and/or anti-seizure drug (ASD) therapy and were followed up (FU) regarding clinical and seizure outcome.
Results: Of the 225 patients, 17 (8%) fulfilled the criteria for definite or suspected AE according to their AB profile and MRI results. Compared with patients with no evidence of AE, those with AE were younger (p = 0.028), had mesial temporal neuropsychological deficits (p = 0.001), frequently had an active or known malignancy (p = 0.006) and/or a pleocytosis (p = 0.0002), and/or had oligoclonal bands in CSF (p = 0.001). All patients with follow-up became seizure-free with at least one ASD. The Modified Rankin scale (mRS) at hospital admission was low for patients with AE (71% with mRS ≤2) and further decreased to 60% with mRS ≤2 at last FU.
Significance: AE is an important etiology in late-onset seizures, and seizures may be the first symptom of AE. Outcome in non-paraneoplastic AE was favorable with ASD and IT. AB testing in CSF and sera, cerebral MRI, CSF analysis, and neuropsychological testing for mesial temporal deficits should be part of the diagnostic protocol for AE following late-onset seizures.
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde bei 41 Patienten mit JME das EFHC1-Gen sequenziert und die identifizierten Varianten mit in mehreren vorherigen Studien beschriebenen Prädiktoren für das klinische Outcome korreliert. Insgesamt konnten drei Varianten - p.Phe229Leu, p.Arg182His und p.Arg294His - identifiziert werden.
Die Variante p.Phe229Leu, welche bei zwei Patienten auftrat, konnte mit einem milderen JME Subtyp assoziiert werden. Drei Patienten wiesen die Variante p.Arg182His auf und zeigten eine erhöhte Neigung zur Ausbildung einer photoparoxysmalen Reaktion. Eine Assoziation mit einem frühen Auftreten der Epilepsie (≤10. Lebensjahr) und einem Subtyp der JME, die sich aus einer kindlichen Absencenepilepsie entwickelt, konnte bei den zwei Patienten mit Variante p.Arg294His nachgewiesen werden, aufgrund der geringen Zahl an untersuchten Patienten jedoch ohne statistische Relevanz. In Zukunft könnte möglicherweise das Vorliegen einer dieser Varianten für klinische Fragestellungen hilfreich sein, um im Zusammenspiel mit klinischen Parametern eine Aussage über den Langzeitverlauf der JME und damit verbundene Therapieentscheidungen treffen zu können.
Nach aktuellen Bewertungen in der Human Gene Mutation Database sind p.Arg182His und p.Arg294His als benigne Varianten/Polymorphismen und die Variante p.Phe229Leu als wahrscheinlich pathogene Variante einzustufen. Somit muss eingeschätzt werden, dass die Varianten eher einen modifizierenden Einfluss auf den Krankheitsverlauf nehmen und nicht ursächlich für die JME sind.
Zusammenfassend sprechen die Ergebnisse dafür, dass es sich bei der JME um ein heterogenes Krankheitsbild handelt. Vorrangiges Ziel zukünftiger Studien sollte sein, weitere potenzielle Kandidatengene zu identifizieren und zu untersuchen.
Aged rats recover poorly after unilateral stroke, whereas young rats recover readily possibly with the help from the contralateral, healthy hemisphere. We asked whether anomalous, age-related changes in the transcriptional activity in the brains of aged rats could be one underlying factor contributing to reduced functional recovery. We analysed gene expression in the periinfarct and contralateral areas of 3-month- and 18-month-old Sprague Dawley rats. Our experimental end-points were cDNA arrays containing genes related to hypoxia signalling, DNA damage and apoptosis, cellular response to injury, axonal damage and regrowth, cell lineage differentiation, dendritogenesis and neurogenesis. The major transcriptional events observed were: (i) Early up-regulation of DNA damage and down-regulation of anti-apoptosis-related genes in the periinfarct region of aged rats after stroke; (ii) Impaired neurogenesis in the periinfarct area, especially in aged rats; (iii) Impaired neurogenesis in the contralateral (unlesioned) hemisphere of both young and aged rats at all times after stroke and (iv) Marked up-regulation, in aged rats, of genes associated with inflammation and scar formation. These results were confirmed with quantitative real-time PCR. Conclusion I: reduced transcriptional activity in the healthy, contralateral hemisphere of aged rats in conjunction with an early up-regulation of DNA damage-related genes and pro-apoptotic genes and down-regulation of axono- and neurogenesis in the periinfarct area are likely to account for poor neurorehabilitation after stroke in old rats. Efficient neuroprotection after stroke requires long-term, regulated lowering of whole body temperature. After stroke, exposure of aged rats to hydrogen sulfide resulted in sustained, deep hypothermia (30.8 ± 0.7°C) that led to a 50% reduction in infarct size with a concomitant reduction in the number of phagocytic cells. At the transcription level, we found an overall decrease in the transcriptional activity related to inflammation and apoptosis. Behaviorally, hypothermia was associated with better performance on tests that require complex sensorimotor skills, in the absence of obvious neurological deficits or physiological side-effects, in aged rats. Conclusion II: Prolonged hypothermia is a simple and efficacious method to limit damage inflicted by stroke in aged rats.
Cervical Artery Dissection in Young Adults in the Stroke in Young Fabry Patients (sifap1) Study
(2015)
Background: Patients with carotid artery dissection (CAD) have been reported to have different vascular risk factor profiles and clinical outcomes to those with vertebral artery dissection (VAD). However, there are limited data from recent, large international studies comparing risk factors and clinical features in patients with cervical artery dissection (CeAD) with other TIA or ischemic stroke (IS) patients of similar age and sex. Methods: We analysed demographic, clinical and risk factor profiles in TIA and IS patients ≤55 years of age with and without CeAD in the large European, multi-centre, Stroke In young FAbry Patients 1 (sifap1) study. Patients were further categorised according to age (younger: 18-44 years; middle-aged: 45-55 years), sex, and site of dissection. Results: Data on the presence of dissection were available in 4,208 TIA and IS patients of whom 439 (10.4%) had CeAD: 196 (50.1%) had CAD, 195 (49.9%) had VAD, and 48 had multiple artery dissections or no information regarding the dissected artery. The prevalence of CAD was higher in women than in men (5.9 vs. 3.8%, p < 0.01), whereas the prevalence of VAD was similar in women and men (4.6 vs. 4.7%, n.s.). Patients with VAD were younger than patients with CAD (median = 41 years (IQR = 35-47 years) versus median = 45 years (IQR = 39-49 years); p < 0.01). At stroke onset, about twice as many patients with either CAD (54.0 vs. 23.1%, p < 0.001) or VAD (63.4 vs. 36.6%, p < 0.001) had headache than patients without CeAD and stroke in the anterior or posterior circulation, respectively. Compared to patients without CeAD, hypertension, concomitant cardiovascular diseases and a patent foramen ovale were significantly less prevalent in both CAD and VAD patients, whereas tobacco smoking, physical inactivity, obesity and a family history of cerebrovascular diseases were found less frequently in CAD patients, but not in VAD patients. A history of migraine was observed at a similar frequency in patients with CAD (31%), VAD (27.8%) and in those without CeAD (25.8%). Conclusions: We identified clinical features and risk factor profiles that are specific to young patients with CeAD, and to subgroups with either CAD or VAD compared to patients without CeAD. Therefore, our data support the concept that certain vascular risk factors differentially affect the risk of CAD and VAD.
Changes in Interhemispheric Motor Connectivity Across the Lifespan: A Combined TMS and DTI Study
(2019)
Age-related decline in interhemispheric connectivity between motor areas has been reported with both transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measurements. However, not all studies were able to confirm these findings, and previous studies did not apply structural (DTI) and functional (TMS) measurements within each individual appropriately. Here, we investigated age dependency of the ipsilateral silent period (ISP) and integrity of fibers in the corpus callosum as operationalized by fractional anisotrophy (FA), using TMS and DTI, respectively, in 20 participants between 19 and 72 years of age. We found age-dependent increase for ISP, and decrease of FA, both indicating a decrease in interhemispheric inhibition, with a negative association between FA and ISP for the dominant hemisphere (r = −0.39, p = 0.043). Our findings suggest that aging leads to decline of interhemispheric motor connectivity, as evidenced in both structural and functional parameters, which should be taken into account when interpreting disease- or medication-related changes.
Clinically Relevant Depressive Symptoms in Young Stroke Patients - Results of the sifap1 Study
(2015)
Background: Although post-stroke depression is widely recognized, less is known about depressive symptoms in the acute stage of stroke and especially in young stroke patients. We thus investigated depressive symptoms and their determinants in such a cohort. Methods: The Stroke in Young Fabry Patients study (sifap1) prospectively recruited a large multinational European cohort (n = 5,023) of patients with a cerebrovascular event aged 18-55. For assessing clinically relevant depressive symptoms (CRDS, defined by a BDI-score ≥18) the self-reporting Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was obtained on inclusion in the study. Associations with baseline parameters, stroke severity (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, NIHSS), and brain MRI findings were analyzed. Results: From the 2007 patients with BDI documentation, 202 (10.1%) had CRDS. CRDS were observed more frequently in women (12.6 vs. 8.2% in men, p < 0.001). Patients with CRDS more often had arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia than patients without CRDS (hypertension: 58.0 vs. 47.1%, p = 0.017; diabetes mellitus: 17.9 vs. 8.9%, p < 0.001; hyperlipidemia: 40.5 vs. 32.3%, p = 0.012). In the subgroup of patients with ischemic stroke or TIA (n = 1,832) no significant associations between CRDS and cerebral MRI findings such as the presence of acute infarcts (68.1 vs. 65.8%, p = 0.666), old infarctions (63.4 vs. 62.1%, p = 0.725) or white matter hyper-intensities (51.6 vs. 53.7%, p = 0.520) were found. Conclusion: Depressive symptoms were present in 10.1% of young stroke patients in the acute phase, and were related to risk factors but not to imaging findings.