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Biocidal Agents Used for Disinfection Can Enhance Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Negative Species

Kampf, Günter

Plasma-Activation of Larger Liquid Volumes by an Inductively-Limited Discharge for Antimicrobial Purposes

Schmidt, Michael ; Hahn, Veronika ; Altrock, Beke ; Gerling, Torsten ; Gerber, Ioana Cristina ; Weltmann, Klaus-Dieter ; von Woedtke, Thomas

Plasma-Treated Air and Water—Assessment of Synergistic Antimicrobial Effects for Sanitation of Food Processing Surfaces and Environment

Schnabel, Uta ; Handorf, Oliver ; Yarova, Kateryna ; Zessin, Björn ; Zechlin, Susann ; Sydow, Diana ; Zellmer, Elke ; Stachowiak, Jörg ; Andrasch, Mathias ; Below, Harald ; Ehlbeck, Jörg

Antibiotic Resistance Can Be Enhanced in Gram-Positive Species by Some Biocidal Agents Used for Disinfection

Kampf, Günter

Efficacy of Different Carrier Gases for Barrier Discharge Plasma Generation Compared to Chlorhexidine on the Survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Embedded in Biofilm in vitro

Matthes, R. ; Hübner, N.-O. ; Bender, C. ; Koban, I. ; Horn, S. ; Bekeschus, S. ; Weltmann, K.-D. ; Kocher, T. ; Kramer, A. ; Assadian, O.

Because of its antimicrobial properties, nonthermal plasma could serve as an alternative to chemical antisepsis in wound treatment. Therefore, this study investigated the inactivation of biofilm-embedded Pseudomonas aeruginosa SG81 by a surface barrier-discharged (SBD) plasma for 30, 60, 150 and 300 s. In order to optimize the efficacy of the plasma, different carrier gases (argon, argon admixed with 1% oxygen, and argon with increased humidity up to approx. 80%) were tested and compared against 0.1% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG) exposure for 600 s. The antimicrobial efficacy was determined by calculating the difference between the numbers of colony-forming units (CFU) of treated and untreated biofilms. Living bacteria were distinguished from dead by fluorescent staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Both SBD plasmas and CHG showed significant antimicrobial effects compared to the untreated control. However, plasma treatment led to a higher antimicrobial reduction (argon plasma 4.9 log10 CFU/cm2, argon with admixed oxygen 3 log10 CFU/cm2, and with increased gas humidity 2.7 log10 CFU/cm2 after 300 s) compared to CHG. In conclusion, SBD plasma is suitable as an alternative to CHG for inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa embedded in biofilm. Further development of SBD plasma sources and research on the role of carrier gases and humidity may allow their clinical application for wound management in the future.

Combination Treatment with Cold Physical Plasma and Pulsed Electric Fields Augments ROS Production and Cytotoxicity in Lymphoma

Wolff, Christina M. ; Kolb, Juergen F. ; Weltmann, Klaus-Dieter ; von Woedtke, Thomas ; Bekeschus, Sander

Clinical Use of the Antiseptic Polihexanide for Genital Tract Infections

Koban, I. ; Bender, C.P. ; Assadian, O. ; Kramer, A. ; Hübner, N.-O.

Background: In clinical practice, treatment of genital tract infections is based on administration of either antibiotics or antiseptics. While antibiotics may be applied systemically or topically, antiseptics may be applied only topically. In case of bacterial vaginosis (BV), antibiotic therapy may often be limited and side effects due to systemic administration may develop. Polihexanide (PHMB) is a promising option for the topical treatment of genital tract infections, in particular BV and vaginitis. Method: A systematic search for publications on the use of PHMB for the treatment of genital infections in two electronic databases was performed. Titles, abstracts and citations were imported into a reference database. Duplicates were removed and two reviewers assessed each identified publication separately. Results: Among a total of 204 references, 3 prospective randomized trials were identified. Two trials treated BV infections with PHMB in comparison to clindamycin as antibiotic standard therapy with no significant differences either in safety or in efficacy. The third controlled trial investigated the clinical efficacy of PHMB compared to placebo in the treatment of human papilloma virus. Patients treated with PHMB daily for up to 16-weeks showed significantly higher (52%) clearance of genital warts as compared to patients treated with placebo (4%). Conclusion: PHMB may be a clinically effective alternative for the treatment of BV and human papilloma virus. Although PHMB-based antiseptics are available since the late 90s, controlled trials to investigate its clinical potential for antiseptic treatment are scant. Clinical use of antiseptics for the treatment of infectious diseases should be explored and supported further.

Residual Antimicrobial Effect of Chlorhexidine Digluconate and Octenidine Dihydrochloride on Reconstructed Human Epidermis

Müller, G. ; Langer, J. ; Siebert, J. ; Kramer, A.

The objective of the present investigation was to examine the residual antimicrobial activity after a topical exposure of reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) to equimolar solutions of either chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG, 0.144% w/v) or octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT, 0.1% w/v) for 15 min. RHE-associated antiseptic agents were more effective on Staphylococcus aureus than on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. S. aureus was not detected after 24 h of contact, which demonstrated a microbicidal efficacy of greater than 5-log10 reduction. In contrast, P. aeruginosa was reduced by approximately 2 log10 at the same incubation time, which parallels the growth of the initial inoculum. This result could be interpreted either as a microbiostatic effect or as an adherence of P. aeruginosa to a low positively charged surface. Small amounts of CHG and OCT can penetrate the stratum corneum. Using these antiseptic agents, the viability of keratinocytes was reduced to 65-75% of that of the untreated RHE control following 24 h incubation in the presence of test microorganisms. With consideration of antimicrobial activity and cytotoxic effect, OCT corresponds better to a biocompatible antiseptic agent than CHG.

Comparison of Transepidermal Water Loss and Laser Scanning Microscopy Measurements to Assess Their Value in the Characterization of Cutaneous Barrier Defects

Czaika, V. ; Alborova, A. ; Richter, H. ; Sterry, W. ; Vergou, T. ; Antoniou, C. ; Lademann, J. ; Koch, S.

The exact qualitative and quantitative analysis of wound healing processes is a decisive prerequisite for optimizing wound care and for therapy control. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurements are considered to be the standard procedure for assessing the progress of epidermal wound healing. The damage to the stratum corneum correlates with an increased loss of water through the skin barrier. This method is highly susceptible to failure by environmental factors, in particular by temperature and moisture. This study was aimed at comparing TEWL measurements and in vivo laser scanning microscopy (LSM) for the characterization of the epidermal wound healing process. LSM is a high-resolution in vivo method permitting to analyze the kinetics and dynamics of wound healing at a cellular level. While the TEWL values for the individual volunteers showed a wide scattering, LSM permitted the wound healing process to be clearly characterized at the cellular level. However, a comparison between the two methods was very difficult, because the results provided by LSM were images and not numerical. Therefore, a scoring system was set up which evaluates the stages of wound healing. Thus, the healing process could be numerically described. This method is independent of any environmental factors. Providing morphologically qualitative and numerically quantitative analyses of the wound healing process and being far less vulnerable to failure, LSM is advantageous over TEWL.

Comparison of the Antiseptic Efficacy of Tissue-Tolerable Plasma and an Octenidine Hydrochloride-Based Wound Antiseptic on Human Skin

Lademann, J. ; Richter, H. ; Schanzer, S. ; Patzelt, A. ; Thiede, G. ; Kramer, A. ; Weltmann, K.-D. ; Hartmann, B. ; Lange-Asschenfeldt, B.

Colonization and infection of wounds represent a major reason for the impairment of tissue repair. Recently, it has been reported that tissue-tolerable plasma (TTP) is highly efficient in the reduction of the bacterial load of the skin. In the present study, the antiseptic efficacy of TTP was compared to that of octenidine hydrochloride with 2-phenoxyethanol. Both antiseptic methods proved to be highly efficient. Cutaneous treatment of the skin with octenidine hydrochloride and 2-phenoxyethanol leads to a 99% elimination of the bacteria, and 74% elimination is achieved by TTP treatment. Technical challenges with an early prototype TTP device could be held responsible for the slightly reduced antiseptic properties of TTP, compared to a standard antiseptic solution, since the manual treatment of the skin surface with a small beam of the TTP device might have led to an incomplete coverage of the treated area.

Kinetics of Physiological Skin Flora in a Suction Blister Wound Model on Healthy Subjects after Treatment with Water-Filtered Infrared-A Radiation

Daeschlein, G. ; Alborova, J. ; Patzelt, A. ; Kramer, A. ; Lademann, J.

The effect of water-filtered infrared-A radiation (wIRA) on normal skin flora was investigated by generating experimental wounds on the forearms of volunteers utilizing the suction blister technique. Over 7 days, recolonization was monitored parallel to wound healing. Four groups of treatment were compared: no therapy (A), dexpanthenol cream once daily (B), 20 min wIRA irradiation at 30 cm distance (C), and wIRA irradiation for 30 min once daily together with dexpanthenol cream once daily (D). All treatments strongly inhibited the recolonization of the wounds. Whereas dexpanthenol completely suppressed recolonization over the test period, recolonization after wIRA without (C) and in combination with dexpanthenol (D) was suppressed, but started on day 5 with considerably higher amounts after the combination treatment (D). Whereas the consequence without treatment (A) was an increasing amount of physiological skin flora including coagulase-negative staphylococci, all treatments (B–D) led to a reduction in physiological skin flora, including coagulase-negative staphylococci. In healthy volunteers, wIRA alone and in combination with dexpanthenol strongly inhibited bacterial recolonization with physiological skin flora after artificial wound setting using a suction-blister wound model. This could support the beneficial effects of wIRA in the promotion of wound healing.

Antimicrobial Efficacy of the Silver Wound Dressing Biatain Ag in a Disc Carrier Test Simulating Wound Secretion

Ebert, M. ; Assadian, O. ; Hübner, N.-O. ; Koburger, T. ; Kramer, A.

Aim: The efficacy of antimicrobial compounds included in wound dressings has been determined using the quantitative suspension test according to EN 13727 before. However, as suspension tests are not an accurate reflection of the conditions under which wound antiseptics are used, it was investigated if a disc carrier test would yield results simulating practical conditions on wound surfaces. A silver-leaching foam wound dressing was used for evaluation of the disc carrier test method. Method: The disc carriers consisted of circular stainless-steel discs measuring 2 cm in diameter and 1.5 mm in thickness, complying with the requirements of EN 10088-2. Carriers were contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively, together with an artificial wound secretion and left to dry at room temperature for 30 min. The wound dressings being tested were placed on the discs for the length of the exposure time, and after neutralization by thioglycolate in phosphate-buffered saline the number of surviving test organisms was then counted. The logarithmic reduction factor was calculated from the difference between the initial inoculum and the number of recovered test organisms. Results: The disc carrier test allowed determination of an antimicrobial efficacy in a realistic setting. It also imposed more stringent requirements on efficacy over time than the quantitative suspension test. The silver foam wound dressing showed a time-dependent antimicrobial efficacy. After 24-hour application time, the reduction factors against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and the methicillin-resistant S. aureus were 1.9 ± 0.15, 2.1 ± 0.14 and 3.1 ± 0.18, respectively. Conclusion: The disc carrier test was a useful method for testing the antimicrobial efficacy of a foam silver dressing. The antimicrobial dressing exhibited an antimicrobial effect after 3 h and achieved a reduction >2 log against the tested bacterial strains in the presence of a simulated wound secretion after 24 h.

Classification of Wounds at Risk and Their Antimicrobial Treatment with Polihexanide: A Practice-Oriented Expert Recommendation

Dissemond, J. ; Assadian, O. ; Gerber, V. ; Kingsley, A. ; Kramer, A. ; Leaper, D.J. ; Mosti, G. ; Piatkowski de Grzymala, A. ; Riepe, G. ; Risse, A. ; Romanelli, M. ; Strohal, R. ; Traber, J. ; Vasel-Biergans, A. ; Wild, T. ; Eberlein, T.

Currently, there are no generally accepted definitions for wounds at risk of infection. In clinical practice, too many chronic wounds are regarded as being at risk of infection, and therefore many topical antimicrobials – in terms of frequency and duration of use – are applied to wounds. Based on expert discussion and current knowledge, a clinical assessment score was developed. The objective of this wounds at risk (W.A.R.) score is to allow decision-making on the indication for the use of antiseptics on the basis of polihexanide. The proposed clinical classification of W.A.R. shall facilitate the decision for wound antisepsis and allow an appropriate general treatment regimen with the focus on the prevention of wound infection. The W.A.R. score is based on a clinically oriented risk assessment using concrete patient circumstances. The indication for the use of antiseptics results from the addition of differently weighted risk causes, for which points are assigned. Antimicrobial treatment is justified in the case of 3 or more points.

Skin Disinfection by Plasma-Tissue Interaction: Comparison of the Effectivity of Tissue-Tolerable Plasma and a Standard Antiseptic

Lademann, O. ; Kramer, A. ; Richter, H. ; Patzelt, A. ; Meinke, M.C. ; Czaika, V. ; Weltmann, K.-D. ; Hartmann, B. ; Koch, S.

Wound healing disorders frequently occur due to biofilm formation on wound surfaces requiring conscientious wound hygiene. Often, the application of conventional liquid antiseptics is not sufficient and sustainable as (1) the borders and the surrounding of chronic wounds frequently consist of sclerotic skin, impeding an effectual penetration of these products, and (2) the hair follicles representing the reservoir for bacterial recolonization of skin surfaces are not affected. Recently, it has been reported that tissue-tolerable plasma (TTP), which is used at a temperature range between 35 and 45°C, likewise has disinfecting properties. In the present study, the effectivity of TTP and a standard liquid antiseptic was compared in vitro on porcine skin. The results revealed that TTP was able to reduce the bacterial load by 94%, although the application of the liquid antiseptic remained superior as it reduced the bacteria by almost 99%. For in vivo application, however, TTP offers several advantages. On the one hand, TTP enables the treatment of sclerotic skin as well, and on the other hand, a sustainable disinfection can be realized as, obviously, also the follicular reservoir is affected by TTP.

Poly (hexamethylene biguanide), adsorbed onto Ti‐Al‐V alloys, kills slime‐producing Staphylococci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa without inhibiting SaOs‐2 cell differentiation

Hornschuh, Melanie ; Zwicker, Paula ; Schmidt, Thomas ; Finke, Birgit ; Kramer, Axel ; Müller, Gerald

Abstract Antimicrobial coating of implant material with poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride (PHMB) may be an eligible method for preventing implant‐associated infections. In the present study, an antibacterial effective amount of PHMB is adsorbed on the surface of titanium alloy after simple chemical pretreatment. Either oxidation with 5% H2O2 for 24 hr or processing for 2 hr in 5 M NaOH provides the base for the subsequent formation of a relatively stable self‐assembled PHMB layer. Compared with an untreated control group, adsorbed PHMB produces no adverse effects on SaOs‐2 cells within 48 hr cell culture, but promotes the initial attachment and spreading of the osteoblasts within 15 min. Specimens were inoculated with slime‐producing bacteria to simulate a perioperative infection. Adsorbed PHMB reacts bactericidally against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa after surface contact. Adhered SaOs‐2 cells differentiate and produce alkaline phosphatase and deposit calcium within 4 days in a mineralization medium on PHMB‐coated Ti6Al4V surfaces, which have been precontaminated with S. epidermidis. The presented procedures provide a simple method for generating biocompatibly and antimicrobially effective implant surfaces that may be clinically important.

Concept for Improved Handling Ensures Effective Contactless Plasma Treatment of Patients with kINPen® MED

Hahn, Veronika ; Grollmisch, Daniel ; Bendt, Hannes ; von Woedtke, Thomas ; Nestler, Bodo ; Weltmann, Klaus-Dieter ; Gerling, Torsten

Analyse des Hygienestatus im Rettungsdienst in Vorpommern und Erarbeitung einer Modellhygieneordnung für diesen Bereich als Fragestellung der Community Medicine (1999)

Kunzika, Celestino

Es gibt für den Rettungsdienst keine einheitlichen Regelungen bezüglich hygienischer Voraussetzungen und Organisation des Infektionsschutzes. Aus diesem Grund sollte in allen Rettungswachen Vorpommerns einschließlich der Patientenübergabe an das Krankenhaus der Hygienestandard analysiert werden, um auf dieser Grundlage Empfehlungen zu erarbeiten. Mit einem standardisierten Fragebogen (119 Fragen) wurden 42 Rettungswachen analysiert. Ergänzend wurde als Stichprobe eine hygienisch- mikrobiologische Überprüfung zur Ermittlung potentieller Infektionsquellen im RTW an folgenden Untersuchungsstellen durchgeführt: Handwaschbecken, Sauerstoffinsufflation, manuelles bzw automatisches Beatmen, Blutdruckmessen, Beatmungskoffer, Bedienknopf des Beatmungsgerätes, Luftkammerschiene, Vakuummatratze, Schublade für Sterilgut und Handschuhe in Jackentasche. Die Fragebögen wurden von allen Rettungswachen beantwortet. Unabhängig von der Trägerschaft und vom Leistungserbringer sind die Voraussetzungen für ein hygienisches Qualitätsmanagement im wesentlichen gegeben. Das betrifft den baulichen Zustand und die Ausstattung der Rettungswachen, die Lagerung von Medikamenten und Verbandmaterialien, die adäquate Instrumentenaufbereitung, die korrekte Hände- und Wäschehygiene (Vorhandensein von Desinfektionsspendern im RTW), die Existenz von stich- und bruchfesten Sammelboxen im RTW sowie die Verwendung geschlossener Blutentnahmesysteme. In Einzelfällen sind aber gravierende Mängel festgestellt worden. Hier sind folgende Aspekte zu nennen: mangelndes Problembewußtsein, inkomplette Immunisierung (Ausnahme Hepatitis-A und B-Impfung beim Personal), kein genereller Einsatz von Sterilfiltern für Beatmungsgeräte, unzureichendes Desinfektionsregime, kritischer Umgang mit der Sauerstoffbefeuchtung, kein generelles Tragen von Schutzhandschuhen, unvollständige Ausstattung mit Mund-Nasen-Schutz, Tb-Masken und Schutzbrillen, keine Aktualisierung von Hygieneplänen, unklare Verantwortlichkeiten (Qualitätssicherung, Fehlen benannter Hygienebeauftragte), mangelnde Entsorgungsrichtlinien und Wasserbehälterhygiene. Zu erwähnen sind weiterhin die ungenaue Information der Rettungsteams über den Notfallpatienten und die noch zu verbessernde Weiterbetreuung von Notfallpatienten in der Klinik. Bei den in den Rettungswagen nachgewiesenen Keimen handelte es sich überwiegend um Hautkeime (koagulasenegative Staphylokokken, S. epidermidis) Es wurden aber auch grampositive Stäbchenbakterien, P. aeruginosa, Enterokokken und Dermatophyten isoliert. Das zeigt, daß die Händehygiene und die Desinfektion und Reinigung im RTW intensiviert werden müssen. Das Wasser aus dem Vorratsbehälter des Handwaschbeckens stellte ein nicht tolerierbares Erregerreservoir dar.

Ergebnisse einer Fragebogen - Erhebung zur Prophylaxe mit Antibiotika bzw. mit lokalen Antiinfektiva bei Eingriffen am Knochen, ergänzt durch einen Vergleich zur in vitro Toxizität von Ringer- und NaCl (2000)

Grögler, Andreas

Angesichts einer bis in die heutige Zeit in der Literatur unklaren Situation zur Infektionsprophylaxe stellte sich die Frage, wie knochenchirurgisch tätige Operateure diese kontroverse Situation in ihrer Praxis handhaben. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine Fragebogenerhebung durchgeführt. In Ergänzung zu dieser Fragebogenerhebung sollte die für die Praxis der Wundspülung wichtige Frage in vitro untersucht werden, ob sich die Reizwirkung und Gewebetoxizität von NaCl- und Ringer- Lösung unterscheiden. Von 482 verschickten Fragebogen wurden 30 % mit folgenden Resultaten zurückgesandt. In der Prothetik und bei offenen Frakturen wird die prophylaktische Antibiose regelmässig von fast allen Chirurgen durchgeführt. Bei den anderen Fraktur- und Operationstypen werden nur in 30% routinemässig prophylaktisch Antibiotika gegeben. Die persönliche Erfahrung, die Erfahrung anderer (inklusive der Literatur) und die vom Ausbilder mitgegebene Grundauffassung sind die häufigsten Begründungen für dieses Vorgehen. Es werden vor allem Cephalosporine in Form eines Single Shot verwendet. Als nichtantiseptische Spüllösung zeigte sich eine deutliche Bevorzugung für die Verwendung von Ringerlösung. Die antiinfektiöse Prophylaxe bei Wahleingriffen und beim einfachen Trauma entspricht im Ergebnis der Analyse keineswegs einem Muss und wird daher der aktuellen Situation angepasst. Hier stellt sich die Frage nach einer alternativen Prophylaxe mit Antiseptika. Diese werden trotz ihrer hervorragenden Eigenschaften immer noch viel zu wenig benutzt. Die Begrenzung der Antibiotikaprophylaxe auf das medizinisch erforderliche Minimum ist unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten ein unmittelbares Anliegen der Community Medicine. Wie das Ergebnis der Fragebogenerhebung zeigt, haben sich lokale Antiinfektiva noch nicht im Behandlungskonzept der Chirurgie etabliert, obwohl diese in einigen Schulen bereits propagiert werden. Als Schlussfolgerung ergibt sich die Notwendigkeit , aussagekräftige prospektive Studien zur Abwägung antiseptische versus antibiotische Infektionsprophylaxe zu planen und durchzuführen. In unseren in vitro Modellen, dem HET- CAM und dem Explantationstest, wurden Ringerlösung und NaCl gleich gut toleriert. Auch hierzu kann nur eine klinische Doppelblindstudie eine endgültige Einschätzung liefern.

Analyse der Greifswalder ISAAC Daten unter Berücksichtigung raumbezogener Aspekte. (2000)

Hermes, Michael

keine Angaben

Epidemiologische Analyse von Ursachen der chronischen Niereninsuffizienz und des Verlaufs der Glomerulonephritis bei dialysepflichtigen Kindern als Fragestellung der Communty Medicine. (2000)

Akindes, Adrienne

Die Glomerulonephritis (GN) ist die häufigste Ursache der chronischen Niereninsuffizienz (CNI) im Kindesalter. Im Zeitraum 1971-1993 wurden 312 Kinder mit terminaler Niereninsuffizienz (NI) im Kinderdialysezentrum der Charité chronisch dialysiert. Die GN war bei 42% (131 Patienten) der Kinder die Ursache der NI. Wegen zum Teil fehlender Daten konnte die Analyse nur an 96 Patienten (49 Mädchen, 47 Knaben) mit GN durchgeführt werden. Die histologische Untersuchung erfolgte bei 80 Kindern. Die mesangioproliferative GN kam bei 22, die fokale segmentale Glomerulosklerose (FSGS) bei 17 Kindern vor. Der Altersmedian betrug zum Zeitpunkt der Diagnosestellung (DS) 72,5 Monate. 17 Kinder erkrankten an hämolytisch urämischem Syndrom (HUS) und wurden akut dialysiert. Der Altersmedian betrug 73,0 Monate. Der Zeitraum zwischen Zeitpunkt der DS und Beginn der CNI betrug im Median 49,5 Monate. Zwischen Mädchen und Knaben und zwischen Patienten mit mesangioproliferativer GN, FSGS und membranoproliferativer GN gab es keine Unterschiede. Patienten > 6 Jahre gelangten mit 20 Monaten signifikant früher in die Phase der CNI als Patienten < 6 Jahre mit 71,5 Monaten. Blutdruck, Ausmaß der Proteinurie, Hämaturie und Hypercholesterolämie hatten keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf den Krankheitsverlauf. Eine Nierentransplantation (Tx) erfolgte bei 67 Patienten nach einer Dialysezeit von durchschnittlich 19,1 Monaten. Bei 42 Patienten (63 %) kam es nach 5,7 Monaten zu einer Rejektionskrise. Hauptursachen hierfür waren die akute bzw. chronische interstitielle Rejektion, gefolgt von einer Rekurrenz bzw. de novo Genese der GN. Es starben 26 von 96 Patienten. Die Haupttodesursachen waren zentralnervöse und kardiale Komplikationen. Die Überlebensrate der transplantierten Patienten betrug 100% nach l Jahr, 91% nach 5 Jahren und 82% nach 10 Jahren. Zusammenfassend ergab sich, dass die Frühdiagnose der GN und ihre frühzeitige Therapie wesentlich für die Prognose ist. Bei Patienten mit terminaler NI ist die Tx die Therapie der Wahl.

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