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To evaluate the influence of the blood–brain barrier on neuronal gadolinium deposition in a mouse model after multiple intravenous applications of the linear contrast agent gadodiamide. The prospective study held 54 mice divided into three groups: healthy mice (A), mice with iatrogenic induced disturbance of the blood–brain barrier by glioblastoma (B) or cerebral infarction (C). In each group 9 animals received 10 iv-injections of gadodiamide (1.2 mmol/kg) every 48 h followed by plain T1-weighted brain MRI. A final MRI was performed 5 days after the last contrast injection. Remaining mice underwent MRI in the same time intervals without contrast application (control group). Signal intensities of thalamus, pallidum, pons, dentate nucleus, and globus pallidus-to-thalamus and dentate nucleus-to-pons ratios, were determined. Gadodiamide complex and total gadolinium amount were quantified after the last MR examination via LC–MS/MS and ICP-MS. Dentate nucleus-to-pons and globus pallidus-to-thalamus SI ratios showed no significant increase over time within all mice groups receiving gadodiamide, as well as compared to the control groups at last MR examination. Comparing healthy mice with group B and C after repetitive contrast administration, a significant SI increase could only be detected for glioblastoma mice in globus pallidus-to-thalamus ratio (p = 0.033), infarction mice showed no significant SI alteration. Tissue analysis revealed significantly higher gadolinium levels in glioblastoma group compared to healthy (p = 0.013) and infarction mice (p = 0.029). Multiple application of the linear contrast agent gadodiamide leads to cerebral gadolinium deposition without imaging correlate in MRI.
Homoarginine (hArg) is a non-essential cationic amino acid which inhibits hepatic alkaline phosphatases to exert inhibitory effects on bile secretion by targeting intrahepatic biliary epithelium. We analyzed (1) the relationship between hArg and liver biomarkers in two large population-based studies and (2) the impact of hArg supplementation on liver biomarkers. We assessed the relationship between alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatases (AP), albumin, total bilirubin, cholinesterase, Quick’s value, liver fat, and Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) and hArg in appropriately adjusted linear regression models. We analyzed the effect of L-hArg supplemention (125 mg L-hArg daily for 4 weeks) on these liver biomarkers. We included 7638 individuals (men: 3705; premenopausal women: 1866, postmenopausal women: 2067). We found positive associations for hArg and ALT (β 0.38 µkatal/L 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.29; 0.48), AST (β 0.29 µkatal/L 95% CI 0.17; 0.41), GGT (β 0.033 µkatal/L 95% CI 0.014; 0.053), Fib-4 score (β 0.08 95% CI 0.03; 0.13), liver fat content (β 0.016% 95% CI 0.006; 0.026), albumin (β 0.030 g/L 95% CI 0.019; 0.040), and cholinesterase (β 0.003 µkatal/L 95% CI 0.002; 0.004) in males. In premenopausal women hArg was positively related with liver fat content (β 0.047% 95%CI 0.013; 0.080) and inversely with albumin (β − 0.057 g/L 95% CI − 0.073; − 0.041). In postmenopausal women hARG was positively associated with AST (β 0.26 µkatal/L 95% CI 0.11; 0.42). hArg supplementation did not affect liver biomarkers. We summarize that hArg may be a marker of liver dysfunction and should be explored further.
Because of the importance of gastric emptying for pharmacokinetics, numerous methods have been developed for its determination. One of the methods is the salivary tracer technique, which utilizes an ice capsule containing caffeine as a salivary tracer. Despite the ice capsule’s advantage in labeling ingested fluids with caffeine for subsequent salivary detection, its risk of premature melting before swallowing, and its complicated storage and preparation, limit its application, particularly in special populations (e.g., older people). For this reason, here, a compression-coated tablet was developed and validated against the ice capsule in a cross-over clinical trial. The two dosage forms were administered simultaneously to 12 volunteers in an upright position under fasted and fed state conditions. To distinguish the caffeine concentrations in saliva from each dosage form, regular type of caffeine (12C) was added to the tablet, while for the ice capsule 13C3 labelled caffeine was used. The salivary caffeine concentrations showed no statistically significant differences for the pharmacokinetic parameters tmax and AUC0→60 (p > 0.05). Thus, the new formulation is a useful tool for determining gastric emptying that can also be used in special populations.
The associations of thyroid function parameters with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hepatic iron overload are not entirely clear. We have cross-sectionally investigated these associations among 2734 participants of two population-based cross-sectional studies of the Study of Health in Pomerania. Serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free tri-iodothyronine (fT3), and free thyroxine (fT4) levels were measured. Liver fat content (by proton-density fat fraction) as well as hepatic iron content (by transverse relaxation rate; R2*) were assessed by quantitative MRI. Thyroid function parameters were associated with hepatic fat and iron contents by median and logistic regression models adjusted for confounding. There were no associations between serum TSH levels and liver fat content, NAFLD, or hepatic iron overload. Serum fT4 levels were inversely associated with liver fat content, NAFLD, hepatic iron contents, and hepatic iron overload. Serum fT3 levels as well as the fT3 to fT4 ratio were positively associated with hepatic fat, NAFLD, hepatic iron contents, but not with hepatic iron overload. Associations between fT3 levels and liver fat content were strongest in obese individuals, in which we also observed an inverse association between TSH levels and NAFLD. These findings might be the result of a higher conversion of fT4 to the biologically active form fT3. Our results suggest that a subclinical hyperthyroid state may be associated with NAFLD, particularly in obese individuals. Furthermore, thyroid hormone levels seem to be more strongly associated with increased liver fat content compared to hepatic iron content.
Background
In acute pancreatitis, secondary infection of pancreatic necrosis is a complication that mostly necessitates interventional therapy. A reliable prediction of infected necrotizing pancreatitis would enable an early identification of patients at risk, which however, is not possible yet.
Methods
This study aims to identify parameters that are useful for the prediction of infected necrosis and to develop a prediction model for early detection. We conducted a retrospective analysis from the hospital information and reimbursement data system and screened 705 patients hospitalized with diagnosis of acute pancreatitis who underwent contrast-enhanced computed tomography and additional diagnostic puncture or drainage of necrotic collections. Both clinical and laboratory parameters were analyzed for an association with a microbiologically confirmed infected pancreatic necrosis. A prediction model was developed using a logistic regression analysis with stepwise inclusion of significant variables. The model quality was tested by receiver operating characteristics analysis and compared to single parameters and APACHE II score.
Results
We identified a total of 89 patients with necrotizing pancreatitis, diagnosed by computed tomography, who additionally received biopsy or drainage. Out of these, 59 individuals had an infected necrosis. Eleven parameters showed a significant association with an infection including C-reactive protein, albumin, creatinine, and alcoholic etiology, which were independent variables in a predictive model. This model showed an area under the curve of 0.819, a sensitivity of 0.692 (95%-CI [0.547–0.809]), and a specificity of 0.840 (95%-CI [0.631–0.947]), outperforming single laboratory markers and APACHE II score. Even in cases of missing values predictability was reliable.
Conclusion
A model consisting of a few single blood parameters and etiology of pancreatitis might help for differentiation between infected and non-infected pancreatic necrosis and assist medical therapy in acute necrotizing pancreatitis.
Many orally dosed APIs are bioavailable only when formulated as an enteric dosage form to protect them from the harsh environment of the stomach. However, an enteric formulation is often accompanied with a higher development effort in the first place and the potential degradation of fragile APIs during the coating process. Ready-to-use enteric hard capsules would be an easily available alternative to test and develop APIs in enteric formulations, while decreasing the time and cost of process development. In this regard, Lonza Capsugel® Next Generation Enteric capsules offer a promising approach as functional capsules. The in vivo performance of these capsules was observed with two independent techniques (MRI and caffeine in saliva) in eight human volunteers. No disintegration or content release in the stomach was observed, even after highly variable individual gastric residence times (range 7.5 to 82.5 min), indicating the reliable enteric properties of these capsules. Seven capsules disintegrated in the distal part of the small intestine; one capsule showed an uncommonly fast intestinal transit (15 min) and disintegrated in the colon. The results for this latter capsule by MRI and caffeine appearance differed dramatically, whereas for all other capsules disintegrating in the small intestine, the results were very comparable, which highlights the necessity for reliable and complementary measurement methods. No correlation could be found between the gastric residence time and disintegration after gastric emptying, which confirms the robust enteric formulation of those capsules.
The Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP), a population-based study from a rural state in northeastern Germany with a relatively poor life expectancy, supplemented its comprehensive examination program in 2008 with whole-body MR imaging at 1.5 T (SHIP-MR). We reviewed more than 100 publications that used the SHIP-MR data and analyzed which sequences already produced fruitful scientific outputs and which manuscripts have been referenced frequently. Upon reviewing the publications about imaging sequences, those that used T1-weighted structured imaging of the brain and a gradient-echo sequence for R2* mapping obtained the highest scientific output; regarding specific body parts examined, most scientific publications focused on MR sequences involving the brain and the (upper) abdomen. We conclude that population-based MR imaging in cohort studies should define more precise goals when allocating imaging time. In addition, quality control measures might include recording the number and impact of published work, preferably on a bi-annual basis and starting 2 years after initiation of the study. Structured teaching courses may enhance the desired output in areas that appear underrepresented.
Controlling the time point and site of the release of active ingredients within the gastrointestinal tract after administration of oral delivery systems is still a challenge. In this study, the effect of the combination of small capsules (size 3) and large capsules (size 00) on the disintegration site and time was investigated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in combination with a salivary tracer technique. As capsule shells, Vcaps® HPMC capsules, Vcaps® Plus HPMC capsules, gelatin and DRcaps® designed release capsules were used. The three HPMC-based capsules (Vcaps®, Vcaps® Plus and DRcaps® capsules) were tested as single capsules; furthermore, seven DUOCAP® capsule-in-capsule combinations were tested in a 10-way crossover open-label study in six healthy volunteers. The capsules contained iron oxide and hibiscus tea powder as tracers for visualization in MRI, and two different caffeine species (natural caffeine and 13C3) to follow caffeine release and absorption as measured by salivary levels. Results showed that the timing and location of disintegration in the gastrointestinal tract can be measured and differed when using different combinations of capsule shells. Increased variability among the six subjects was observed in most of the capsule combinations. The lowest variability in gastrointestinal localization of disintegration was observed for the DUOCAP® capsule-in-capsule configuration using a DRcaps® designed release capsule within a DRcaps® designed release outer capsule. In this combination, the inner DRcaps® designed release capsule always opened reliably after reaching the ileum. Thus, this combination enables targeted delivery to the distal small intestine. Among the single capsules tested, Vcaps® Plus HPMC capsules showed the fastest and most consistent disintegration.
Das Multidrug Resistance Protein 4 (MRP4/ABCC4) ist als Mitglied der ABC-Transporterfamilie nicht nur an dem Transport zahlreicher Pharmaka, wie beispielsweise antiviraler und zytostatischer Substanzen, sondern auch an Signaltransduktionsprozessen, z.B. dem Transport von Eicosanoiden und zyklischen Nukleotiden beteiligt. MRP4 weist außerdem innerhalb der ABCC-Gruppe ein einmaliges Expression-, Lokalisations- und Substratspektrum auf. MRP4 wurde neben Prostata, Niere, Gehirn und Leber auch in Blutplättchen nachgewiesen und kann zelltypabhängig sowohl apikal oder basolateral als auch intrazellulär lokalisiert sein. Insbesondere das Vorkommen in den δ-Granula der Thrombozyten ist bemerkenswert, da die Speicherung und Freisetzung von Überträgersubstanzen wie ADP auf die Thrombozytenfunktion entscheidenden Einfluss haben. Änderungen der zelltypischen MRP4-Lokalisation, die beispielsweise bei Patienten mit δ-storage pool Defekt beobachtet wurden, können zu einem Verlust der spezifischen Transporterfunktion führen. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, das Transportprotein Multidrug resistance protein 4 in Bezug auf Protein-Protein-Wechselwirkungen genauer zu untersuchen. Da die Lokalisation von Membranproteinen u.a. durch die Wechselwirkung mit Proteinen gesteuert wird, stand die Identifikation möglicher Interaktionspartner von MRP4 mit Hilfe von Bindungs- und Kolokalisationsstudien im Vordergrund dieser Arbeit. Es schien sehr wahrscheinlich, dass Adaptormoleküle über eine Wechselwirkung mit MRP4 an dessen trafficking innerhalb der Zellen beteiligt sind und damit Einfluss auf dessen Lokalisation und konsekutiv auch auf die Funktion nehmen. Als mögliche Motive zur Vermittlung solcher Proteinbindungen liegen im MRP4-Molekül ein PDZ-Motiv sowie eine mögliche Bindungsstelle für Adaptorprotein (AP)-Komplexe vor. Zur Ermittlung solcher potentiellen Partner wurde eine Affinitätschromatographie durchgeführt. Dafür erfolgte die Kopplung eines Peptids, welches der C-terminalen Sequenz von MRP4 mit dem PDZ-Bindemotiv entsprach, an eine Sepharosematrix und eine anschließende Inkubation mit Thrombozytenlysat. Mittels Western Blot-Verfahren und Flüssigkeitschromatographie-Massenspektrometrie konnten im gewonnenen Eluat das ERM-bindende Phosphoprotein 50 (EBP50/NHERF1), Moesin, sowie das Post synaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) und das Hitzeschockprotein Hsp90 als mögliche Bindungspartner identifiziert werden. Während eine Wechselwirkung von MRP4 mit EBP50 über seine PDZ-Domäne bereits postuliert worden war, konnten insbesondere PSD95 und Hsp90 erstmalig als mögliche Interaktionspartner von MRP4 ermittelt werden. Da PSD95 bisher vorwiegend in neuronalen Zellen beschrieben wurde, wurde das Vorkommen dieses Proteins in Thrombozyten und der megakaryoblastischen Leukämiezelllinie M-07e auf RNA-Ebene untersucht und nachgewiesen. Damit konnte erstmals die Expression dieses scaffolding Proteins in Zellen der myeloischen Reihe gezeigt werden. Im Anschluss daran wurden Kofärbungen von MRP4 und den identifizierten Bindungspartnern durchgeführt. Die indirekte Immunfluoreszenzmikroskopie lieferte das Ergebnis einer zumindest partiellen Kolokalisation des Transporters mit Hsp90 – in Thrombozyten und M-07e-Zellen in intrazellulären Strukturen, in den Nierenepithelzellen LLC-PK1 und MDCKII in der Plasmamembran. Auch eine Kolokalisation von MRP4 mit PSD95 konnte in M-07e-Zellen und Thrombozyten beobachtet werden. Untersuchungen mit dem Hsp90-Hemmstoff Radicicol ergaben des Weiteren zum einen eine sichtbare Verringerung der MRP4-Expression im Western Blot nach der Inkubation, zum anderen auch eine Änderung der Lokalisation von Hsp90 und MRP4 in den verwendeten Nierenzelllinien nach intrazellulär. Ferner konnten funktionelle Transportversuche unter Verwendung von inside-out Thrombozytenmembranvesikeln einen Abfall der Aufnahme des radioaktiv markierten MRP4-Substrats cGMP in die Vesikel nach Behandlung mit Radicicol zeigen. Um den Einfluss von PSD95 auf die MRP4-Lokalisation zu untersuchen, wurde ein spezifischer knock-down von PSD95 mittels siRNA in M-07e-Zellen durchgeführt. Im Anschluss ergab sich in der Immunfluoreszenzmikroskopie eine deutliche Zunahme der MRP4-Lokalisation in der Plasmamembran. Zusammenfassend konnten im Rahmen dieser Arbeit EBP50, Moesin, PSD95 und Hsp90 als mögliche Bindungspartner von MRP4 in Thrombozyten identifiziert werden. Es ist denkbar, dass Hsp90 als Hitzeschockprotein möglicherweise zu der Prozessierung und Stabilisierung von MRP4 beiträgt. Die Interaktion mit PSD95 hingegen scheint die Internalisierung des Transportproteins zu begünstigen. Die gewonnenen Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Protein-Protein-Interaktionen die Lokalisation und Funktion von MRP4 entscheidend beeinflussen.