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Zusammenfassung Die Förderung der Wundheilung durch pulsierenden Gleichstrom insbesondere bei chronischen Wunden ist ein aktuelles Forschungsthema mit wachsender Bedeutung. Gegenüber Bakterien sind bisher überwiegend bakteriostatische Effekte in vitro und in vivo im Tiermodell nachgewiesen. Das Ausmaß der bakterioziden Wirksamkeit wurde jedoch bisher nicht untersucht. Bei Anwendung des Dermapulse®-Verfahrens wurden die untersuchten Bakterienspecies (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecium, Klebsiella pneumoniae und Staphylococcus epidermidis, MSSE) signifikant (p<0,01) reduziert. Dabei wurde die stärkste Reduktion gegenüber E. coli (mittlerer Reduktionsfaktor 0,8 lg), die geringste gegenüber MSSE (mittlerer Reduktionsfaktor 0,2 lg) ermittelt. Die Reduktion fiel zwischen positiver und negativer Polarität signifikant unterschiedlich aus, wobei die stärkere Wirkung bei positiver Polarität nachweisbar war. Im Vergleich zur mikrobioziden Wirkung eines Antiseptikums ist die bakteriozide Wirkung des pulsierenden Gleichstroms, obwohl sie gegen alle geprüften Bakterien signifikant nachweisbar ist, gering. Auf Grund der biologischen Wirkungen der Elektrostimulation auf die Wundheilung ist jedoch anzunehmen, dass die günstige Wirkung der Elektrostimulation durch deren direkte bakteriozide Wirkung noch verstärkt wird.
In Deutschland sterben jedes Jahr rund 10.000 Menschen (Gastmeier 2010) aufgrund nosokomialer Infektionen, wobei die größte Rolle unter den Infektionserregern Keime aus der körpereigenen mikrobiellen Flora des Patienten spielen. Zur Prävention dieser Infektionen ist es wichtig, diese Erreger schnell und sicher nachzuweisen, um beispielsweise - soweit sinnvoll - eine effektive Bekämpfung, z. B. durch Dekontamination, einleiten zu können. In dieser Arbeit wurde die luminometrische Adenosintriphosphat (ATP) – Messung auf ihre Eignung als Schnelltest zur Bestimmung einer veränderten Keimlast, u. a. auf der Haut, untersucht. Dabei wird über die in einer Probe bestimmten ATP-Menge indirekt auf die Keimzahl geschlossen. Als Praxistest für die ATP-Methode ist die Wirkung eines neuartigen Wirkstoffes aus Algen (Maresome) beurteilt worden. Dessen in Tierversuchen vorbeschriebenen adhäsionshemmenden Eigenschaften auf S.aureus als häufiger Vertreter der Normalflora der Haut und Nasenschleimhaut konnten in dieser Arbeit auch auf gesunder humaner Haut gezeigt werden. Eine Erregerreduktion durch den Wirkstoff sollte über die ATP-Messung als Schnelltest nachgewiesen und soweit möglich quantitativ analysiert werden. Initial ist geprüft worden, ob die ATP-Menge in einer Probe eine signifikante Korrelation zur Erregermenge in Keimsuspensionen, in Abklatsch- bzw. Abstrichuntersuchungen von unbelebten Flächen und auf der Haut zeigt. Dies konnte zunächst für reine Keimsuspensionen, aber nur bedingt bei den Abstrichen von unbelebten und belebten Oberflächen bestätigt werden, wobei prinzipiell die sehr sensitive ATP-Nachweistechnik bestätigt werden konnte. Die luminometrische Methode zeigte sich für die praktische Anwendung als Schnelltest bei Hautabstrichproben im Gegensatz zur sensitiveren, aber viel länger dauernden kulturellen Keimzahlbestimmung als nicht geeignet, da die Ergebnisse nicht zuverlässig reproduzierbar waren. Daher kann diese derzeit nicht für den klinischen Einsatz, z. B. zur Effizientüberwachung der Hautantiseptik oder zum Monitoren einer Adhäsionshemmung durch Maresome empfohlen werden. Bevor ein ATP-Test als Produkt für den Einsatz auf belebten Oberflächen (Haut, Schleimhaut, Wunden) denkbar ist, bedarf es weiterer Forschungen.
Periodontitis is one of the most prevalent oral diseases worldwide and is caused by multifactorial interactions between host and oral bacteria. Altered cellular metabolism of host and microbes releases a number of intermediary end products known as metabolites. There is an increasing interest in identifying metabolites from oral fluids such as saliva to widen the understanding of the complex pathogenesis of periodontitis. It is believed that some metabolites might serve as indicators toward early detection and screening of periodontitis and perhaps even for monitoring its prognosis in the future. Because contemporary periodontal screening methods are deficient, there is an urgent need for novel approaches in periodontal screening procedures. To this end, we associated oral parameters (clinical attachment level, periodontal probing depth, supragingival plaque, supragingival calculus, number of missing teeth, and removable denture) with a large set of salivary metabolites (n = 284) obtained by mass spectrometry among a subsample (n = 909) of nondiabetic participants from the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-Trend-0). Linear regression analyses were performed in age-stratified groups and adjusted for potential confounders. A multifaceted image of associated metabolites (n = 107) was revealed with considerable differences according to age groups. In the young (20 to 39 y) and middle-aged (40 to 59 y) groups, metabolites were predominantly associated with periodontal variables, whereas among the older subjects (≥60 y), tooth loss was strongly associated with metabolite levels. Metabolites associated with periodontal variables were clearly linked to tissue destruction, host defense mechanisms, and bacterial metabolism. Across all age groups, the bacterial metabolite phenylacetate was significantly associated with periodontal variables. Our results revealed alterations of the salivary metabolome in association with age and oral health status. Among our comprehensive panel of metabolites, periodontitis was significantly associated with the bacterial metabolite phenylacetate, a promising substance for further biomarker research.
Although the nose, as a gateway for organism–environment interactions, may have a key role in asthmatic exacerbation, the rhinobiome of exacerbated children with asthma was widely neglected to date. The aim of this study is to understand the microbiome, the microbial immunology, and the proteome of exacerbated children and adolescents with wheeze and asthma. Considering that a certain proportion of wheezers may show a progression to asthma, the comparison of both groups provides important information regarding clinical and phenotype stratification. Thus, deep nasopharyngeal swab specimens, nasal epithelial spheroid (NAEsp) cultures, and blood samples of acute exacerbated wheezers (WH), asthmatics (AB), and healthy controls (HC) were used for culture (n = 146), 16 S-rRNA gene amplicon sequencing (n = 64), and proteomic and cytokine analyses. Interestingly, Proteobacteria were over-represented in WH, whereas Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were associated with AB. In contrast, Actinobacteria commonly colonized HCs. Moreover, Staphylococcaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Burkholderiaceae, Xanthobacteraceae, and Sphingomonadaceae were significantly more abundant in AB compared to WH and HC. The α-diversity analyses demonstrated an increase of bacterial abundance levels in atopic AB and a decrease in WH samples. Microbiome profiles of atopic WH differed significantly from atopic AB, whereby atopic samples of WH were more homogeneous than those of non-atopic subjects. The NAEsp bacterial exposure experiments provided a disrupted epithelial cell integrity, a cytokine release, and cohort-specific proteomic differences especially for Moraxella catarrhalis cultures. This comprehensive dataset contributes to a deeper insight into the poorly understood plasticity of the nasal microbiota, and, in particular, may enforce our understanding in the pathogenesis of asthma exacerbation in childhood.
Platelet adhesion and spreading at the sites of vascular injury is vital to hemostasis. As an integral part of the innate immune system, platelets interact with opsonized bacterial pathogens through FcγRIIA and contribute to host defense. As mechanoscavangers, platelets actively migrate and capture bacteria via cytoskeleton-rich, dynamic structures, such as filopodia and lamellipodia. However, the role of human platelet FcγRIIA in cytoskeleton-dependent interaction with opsonized bacteria is not well understood. To decipher this, we used a reductionist approach with well-defined micropatterns functionalized with immunoglobulins mimicking immune complexes at planar interfaces and bacteriamimetic microbeads. By specifically blocking of FcγRIIA and selective disruption of the platelet cytoskeleton, we show that both functional FcγRIIA and cytoskeleton are necessary for human platelet adhesion and haptotaxis. The direct link between FcγRIIA and the cytoskeleton is further explored by single-particle tracking. We then demonstrate the relevance of cytoskeleton-dependent differential mobilities of FcγRIIA on bacteria opsonized with the chemokine platelet factor 4 (PF4) and patient-derived anti-PF4/polyanion IgG. Our data suggest that efficient capture of opsonized bacteria during host-defense is governed by mobility dynamics of FcγRIIA on filopodia and lamellipodia, and the cytoskeleton plays an essential role in platelet morphodynamics at biological interfaces that display immune complexes.
Counting of microbial colonies is a common technique employed in research and diagnostics. To simplify this tedious and time-consuming process, automated systems have been proposed. This study aimed to elucidate the reliability of automated colony counting. We evaluated a commercially available instrument (UVP ColonyDoc-It Imaging Station) in regard to its accuracy and potential time savings. Suspensions of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecium, and Candida albicans (n = 20 each) were adjusted to achieve growth of approximately 1,000, 100, 10, and 1 colony per plate, respectively, after overnight incubation on different solid media. Compared with manual counting, each plate was automatically counted by the UVP ColonyDoc-It with and without visual adjustment on a computer display. For all bacterial species and concentrations automatically counted without visual correction, an overall mean difference from manual counts of 59.7%, a proportion of isolates with overestimation/underestimation of colony numbers of 29%/45%, respectively, and only a moderate relationship (R2 = 0.77) with the manual counting were shown. Applying visual correction, the overall mean difference from manual counts was 1.8%, the proportion of isolates with overestimation/underestimation of colony numbers amounted to 2%/42%, respectively, and a strong relationship (R2 = 0.99) with the manual counting was observed. The mean time needed for manual counting compared with automated counting without and with visual correction was 70 s, 30 s, and 104 s, respectively, for bacterial colonies through all concentrations tested. Generally, similar performance regarding accuracy and counting time was observed with C. albicans. In conclusion, fully automatic counting showed low accuracy, especially for plates with very high or very low colony numbers. After visual correction of the automatically generated results, the concordance with manual counts was high; however, there was no advantage in reading time.
IMPORTANCE Colony counting is a widely utilized technique in the field of microbiology. The accuracy and convenience of automated colony counters are essential for research and diagnostics. However, there is only sparse evidence on performance and usefulness of such instruments. This study examined the current state of reliability and practicality of the automated colony counting with an advanced modern system. For this, we thoroughly evaluated a commercially available instrument in terms of its accuracy and counting time required. Our findings indicate that fully automatic counting resulted in low accuracy, particularly for plates with very high or very low colony numbers. Visual correction of the automated results on a computer screen improved concordance with manual counts, but there was no benefit in counting time.