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Streptococcus pneumoniae is a commensal of the human upper respiratory tract and
the etiological agent of several life-threatening diseases. This pathogen is the model bacterium
for natural competence. Furthermore, the pneumococci played an important role in the
identification of DNA as the main molecule involved in bacterial transformation. As a result,
studies on the pneumococcal genome provided an initial overview of the genetic potential of
this pathogen. The pneumococcus is a highly versatile bacterium possessing a high rate of
uptake and recombination of exogenous DNA from neighboring bacteria. As such, a significant
diversity in the genome content among the different pneumococcal strains has been reported.
The capsular polysaccharide, an important pneumococcal virulence factor, is the best example
on the pneumococcal diversity. There are over 98 serotypes characterized to date presenting
differences in their capsule (cps) locus. Additional to the cps locus, the pneumococcus also
presents 13 genomic islets annotated as regions of diversity (RD) encoded in the auxiliary
genome. Remarkably, 8 of the pneumococcal RD studied so far have been associated with
virulence. Furthermore, the ongoing sequencing of over 4000 pneumococcal genomes have
shed light on the conservation level of well-known pneumococcal virulence factors.
Interestingly, important pneumococcal virulence determinants show variations in the gene and
protein sequence among the different strains. Prototypes are for example the pneumococcal
surface protein C (PspC) and pneumococcal adherence and virulence factor B (PavB).
Conversely, gene regulation in S. pneumoniae is carried out by highly conserved and genome-
wide distributed transcriptional factors. Overall, the pneumococci interplays with its
environment with 4 major regulatory systems: quorum sensing (QS), stand-alone
transcriptional regulators, small RNAs (sRNAs) and two-component regulatory systems (TCS).
Some of these systems are multifaceted and share more than one feature. Furthermore, there
is crosstalk among the different systems, requiring the activation of a signaling cascade to
function properly.
A comprehensive analysis of the distribution and conservation of pneumococcal
virulence factors and TCS was obtained in this study. The results are summarized as a
simplified variome in which 25 pneumococcal strains with a complete sequenced genome were
analyzed. Interestingly, the genes encoding the glycolytic protein enolase and the toxin
pneumolysin were the most conserved virulence determinants. Additionally, the high level of
conservation was confirmed for the pneumococcal TCS regulators, especially for WalKR,
CiaRH and TCS08.
The main focus of this study was on the regulatory functions of pneumococcal TCS.
With this in mind, an extensive and detailed systematic review of the 13 pneumococcal TCS
and its orphan RR was undertaken. For this purpose, every pneumococcal TCS was analyzed
for its reported functional and structural information along with its contribution to the main
pathophysiology of the pneumococci. In brief, S. pneumoniae can utilize its TCS for the
regulation of important cellular processes and the sensing of detectable signals in the
environment. Additionally, the role of TCS in pneumococcal processes and signal sensing can
be divided further. In the first place, pneumococcal TCS regulate competence and fratricide,
the production of bacteriocins and host-pathogen interaction processes, while the detectable
signals include cell-wall perturbations, environmental stress, and nutrients. As a conclusion
from this section, it is possible to analyze the pneumococcal TCS in a comprehensive manner.
There is a complex network among the different pneumococcal regulators and the TCS play
an important role. Moreover, these systems are highly conserved and essential for the proper
functioning of the pneumococcus as a pathogen.
Following up on pneumococcal TCS, this study focused especially on the TCS08.
Interestingly, the pneumococcal TCS08 has been previously associated with the regulation of the cellobiose metabolism. Furthermore, this system has also been reported to regulate the
expression of genes encoded in the RD4 (Pilus-1). Remarkably, the pneumococcal TCS08
was shown to be highly homologous to the SaeRS system of Staphylococcus aureus. Initially,
mutant strains lacking a single (Δrr08 or Δhk08) or both components (Δtcs08) of the TCS08
were generated in pneumococcal D39 and TIGR4 strains. Transcriptomics and functional
assays showed a downregulation of the PI-1 in the absence of the complete tcs08, while PavB
presented an upregulation in the Δhk08 knockout. Moreover, an important number of genes
coding for intermediary metabolism proteins were also found to be differentially expressed by
microarray analysis. As such, the TIGR4Δhk08 strain presented a downregulation for the
cellobiose operon (cel). In contrast, an upregulation was reported for the fatty acid biosynthesis
(fab) and arginine catabolism (arc) operons. Conversely, a decrease in gene expression was
seen in the TIGR4Δrr08 strain for the arc operon. Finally, in vivo murine pneumonia and sepsis
models highlighted an involvement of TCS08 in pneumococcal virulence. Remarkably, the
different TCS08 mutants presented a strain dependent effect on their virulence severity. The
TIGR4Δrr08, and all TCS08 mutants in D39 showed a decrease in virulence in the pneumonia
model, with no changes in sepsis. Conversely, the absence of HK08 in TIGR4 presented a
highly virulent phenotype in both pneumonia and sepsis models. To sum up, the pneumococcal
TCS08 influenced the expression of genes involved in fitness and colonization. Specifically,
those coding for the adhesins PavB and PI-1 and fitness proteins from the cel, arc and fab
operons. Remarkably, the highest changes in expression were observed in the strains lacking
the HK08. Additionally, TCS08 has a strain dependent impact on pneumococcal virulence as
showed by murine pneumonia and sepsis models when comparing the effects in D39 and
TIGR4.
Background: Depression and obesity are widespread and closely linked. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vitamin D are both assumed to be associated with depression and obesity. Little is known about the interplay between vitamin D and BDNF. We explored the putative associations and interactions between serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with depressive symptoms and abdominal obesity in a large population-based cohort. Methods: Data were obtained from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)-Trend (n = 3,926). The associations of serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with depressive symptoms (measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire) were assessed with binary and multinomial logistic regression models. The associations of serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with obesity (measured by the waist-to-hip ratio [WHR]) were assessed with binary logistic and linear regression models with restricted cubic splines. Results: Logistic regression models revealed inverse associations of vitamin D with depression (OR = 0.966; 95% CI 0.951–0.981) and obesity (OR = 0.976; 95% CI 0.967–0.985). No linear association of serum BDNF with depression or obesity was found. However, linear regression models revealed a U-shaped association of BDNF with WHR (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Vitamin D was inversely associated with depression and obesity. BDNF was associated with abdominal obesity, but not with depression. At the population level, our results support the relevant roles of vitamin D and BDNF in mental and physical health-related outcomes.
Neurosonographischer und klinischer Verlauf von distalen extra- und intrakraniellen Stenosen des vertebrobasilären Stromgebietes in einem ambulanten Patientenkollektiv.
Hintergrund: Ca. 26% der Schlaganfälle sind im vertebrobasilären Stromgebiet lokalisiert. Stenookklusive Veränderungen der intrakraniellen Arteria vertebralis und basilaris bergen nach vorliegenden Studien ein hohes Risiko für ein ischämisches Ereignis. Empirisch hat sich jedoch in einem ambulanten Setting unserer neurovaskulären Sprechstunde trotz einer relativ hohen Dynamik in den neurosonographischen Befunden eine eher geringe Konversionsrate asymptomatischer Stenosen in ein manifestes zerebrovaskuläres Ereignis beobachten lassen.
Methoden: Patienten aus der Neurovaskulären Ambulanz mit seit ≥24 Monaten bekannten vertebrobasilären stenookklusiven Veränderungen wurden prospektiv in die Studie eingeschlossen. Über mindestens ein Jahr erfolgte die Verlaufsbeobachtung der neurovaskulären Befunde mittels extra- und intrakranieller Doppler- sowie Duplexsonographie sowie des neurologischen und funktionellen Status mittels NIHSS und MRS. Demographische Basisdaten, kardiovaskuläre Risikofaktoren, Komorbiditäten und therapeutische Maßnahmen wurden anhand von standardisierten Fragebögen gewonnen. Eine kognitive Leistungserfassung erfolgte mittels MMST, die Erfassung der Lebensqualität mittels EuroQol und SF-36 v.2.0.
Ergebnisse: 94 Patienten (mittleres Alter 69,7 Jahre, 55% männlich) mit einem retrospektiven Beobachtungszeitraum von im Mittel 5,5 Jahre (2-12,9 Jahre) wurden eingeschlossen. An Komorbiditäten war bei 97% eine Hypertonie, 83% eine Dyslipidämie, 67% ein Nikotinabusus, 35% ein Diabetes mellitus, 38% eine koronare Herzkrankheit und 27% eine periphere arterielle Verschlusskrankheit bekannt. Ein zerebrovaskuläres Ereignis hatte vor Einschluss bereits 75% der Probanden, 28% im vertebrobasilären Stromgebiet. Im Follow-Up traten bei 2,4% Schlaganfälle ausschließlich im Carotis-Stromgebiet auf. Bei den stenookklusiven Veränderungen handelte es sich um 63% basiläre (61% leicht-, 25% mittel-, 12% hochgradige, 2% okklusive) und 56% distale vertebrale Läsionen (48%, 15%, 31%, 8%). Bei 21% der Patienten konnten im Follow-Up sonographische Veränderungen beobachtet werden, im hinteren Stromgebiet bei 11% (78% Stenosegrad-Reduktion, 22% -Zunahme) und im vorderen Stromgebiet bei 12% (50%, 60%). Die funktionelle Beeinträchtigung wurde durch den medianen MRS mit 1 (Spanne 0-4; MRS ≤2 88%), den NIHSS mit 0 (0-11) und den MMST mit 29 (22-30) angegeben, im Follow-Up mit leichtem Anstieg des MRS auf 1 (0-6; p=0,038) und des NIHSS auf 1 (0-15; p=0,058). Die klinische Veränderung ging bei 29% mit einer sonographischen Veränderung einher. Die für dieses Kollektiv gute Lebensqualität zeigte im Follow-Up trotz einer signifikanten Besserung der Vitalität eine Reduktion des allgemeinen Gesundheitszustands und der sozialen Funktionalität.
Fazit: In dieser Studie konnten wir trotz eines hohen vaskulären Risikoprofils und einer niedrigen Rate an Sekundärprophylaxe eine Tendenz zur Regredienz der Stenosen im vertebrobasilären Stromgebiet sowie eine sehr niedrige Schlaganfall-Inzidenz beobachten. Im longitudinalen Verlauf zeigte sich ein insgesamt gutes klinisches Outcome mit einer nur leichten, aber signifikanten Verschlechterung. Ursächlich für diese Entwicklung vertebrobasilärer Stenosen sahen wir den im Vergleich zum vorderen Stromgebiet bekannten abweichenden Pathomechanismus, so dass die Schlussfolgerung nahe liegt, dass vertebrobasiläre Stenosen weniger gefährlich sind. Im Weiteren ist zu klären, wie die Entwicklung der vertebrobasilären Stenosen unter verschiedenen Therapieregimen verläuft.
Ein intaktes Angiopoietin/Tie-2-Liganden-Rezeptor-System ist unabdingbar für die endotheliale Regulierung und damit für das Überleben eines Organismus. Erhöhte Konzentrationen von zirkulierendem Ang-2 sind eng assoziiert mit Nierenerkrankungen und damit mit einem progredienten Verlust der glomerulären Filtrationsleistung. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Assoziationen zwischen zirkulierenden Ang-2- und Tie-2-Konzentrationen mit funktionellen Nierenfunktionsparametern in einer populationsbasierten Studie mit insgesamt 7169 Probanden aus zwei unabhängig voneinander erhobenen Kohorten (SHIP-1 und SHIP-Trend). Die Nierenfunktion wurde mittels Kreatinin, Cystatin C, eGFR(Krea) oder eGFR(Cys) und des uACRs untersucht. Zur statistischen Analyse wurden Varianz- und lineare Regressionsanalysen durchgeführt. In der Gesamtpopulation stellte sich eine starke positive Assoziation zwischen Ang-2 und Cystatin C oder uACR, sowie eine inverse Assoziation zwischen Ang-2 und eGFR(Cys) dar. Diese Ergebnisse blieben auch in der Subpopulation mit Probanden ohne arterielle Hypertonie und Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 erhalten. Die Beziehungen zwischen Ang-2 und Kreatinin sowie eGFR(Krea) waren U-förmig und interessanterweise insgesamt weniger stark im Vergleich zu Cystatin C bzw. eGFR(Cys). Für Tie-2 konnten signifikante Assoziationen vor allem für Cystatin C und eGFR(Cys) verzeichnet werden. Ergänzend zum bisherigen Wissensstand konnte in der Studie ein Zusammenhang zu Ang-2 bei bereits geringfügig reduzierter eGFR beschrieben werden. Zusammenfassend bestätigten die statistischen Analysen, dass Ang-2 eng im Zusammenhang mit sensitiven und prognostischen Parametern für eine Nierenschädigung steht. Trotz Bildung einer Subpopulation mit Probanden ohne arterielle Hypertonie und Diabetes mellitus Typ 2, zwei Erkrankungen, die mit erhöhten Ang-2-, Tie-2- und Cystatin C-Konzentrationen assoziiert sind, blieben die Beziehungen für Cystatin C, eGFR(Cys) und uACR in der Subpopulation bestehen. Die Unterschiede zu den Ergebnissen der Analysen mit Kreatinin und eGFR(Krea) wurden mutmaßlich auf die höhere Sensitivität von Cystatin C als Marker einer leichtgradig bis moderat eingeschränkten eGFR zurückgeführt. Da es sich bei der Arbeit um eine populationsbasierte Querschnittsstudie handelt, konnten Langzeitbeobachtungen sowie kausale oder pathophysiologische Zusammenhänge nicht geklärt werden. Die potenzielle Rolle von Ang-2, allein oder in Kombination mit Serum-Cystatin C, als Marker zur Frühdiagnostik von Nierenbeeinträchtigungen oder CKD bleibt in weiteren Studien zu evaluieren.
Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Relevanz des Intermediärfilamentes Zytokeratin 15 (K15) als potentiellen epithelialen Stammzellmarker im Darm und den Einfluss K15 positiver Zellreihen auf die Krypta Homöostase.
Zwei Hauptstammzellpools regulieren den schnellen Zellumsatz im Darmepithel. Dies sind einerseits schnell proliferierende Lgr5 positive Stammzellen, welche zwischen den Paneth-Zellen an der Krypta-Basis vorgefunden werden. Anderseits gibt es vermutlich langsamer wachsende Bmi1 positive Zellen, welche sich an der +4-Position oberhalb der Krypta-Basis befinden. Im Haarfollikel und im Ösophagusepithel stellt das Intermediärfilament K15 einen Marker für Stammzellen dar, die zur Gewebereparatur beitragen. In dieser Arbeit haben wir gezeigt, dass K15 im Darm langlebige Kryptazellen mit Multipotenz- und Selbsterneuerungspotenzial markiert. K15 positive Krypta-Zellen sind resistent gegen hochdosierte ionisierende Strahlung und tragen zur Kryptaexpansion bei. Die hier vorgestellten Ergebnisse zeigen nun erstmals im Darm eine langlebige, multipotente K15 exprimierende Kryptazellpopulation, die eine Selbsterneuerungskapazität besitzt. Insbesondere führt der Verlust des Tumorsuppressor Gens Apc in K15 positiven Zellen zur Adenombildung, die potentiell zum Adenokarzinomen fortschreiten können. Wir erörtern die Hypothese, dass K15 eine Gruppe langlebiger, strahlenresistenter Stammzellen markiert, die die Homöostase der Krypta und die Regenerationsfähigkeit maßgeblich beeinflussen.
Background: Depression and obesity are widespread and closely linked. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vitamin D are both assumed to be associated with depression and obesity. Little is known about the interplay between vitamin D and BDNF. We explored the putative associations and interactions between serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with depressive symptoms and abdominal obesity in a large population-based cohort. Methods: Data were obtained from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)-Trend (n = 3,926). The associations of serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with depressive symptoms (measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire) were assessed with binary and multinomial logistic regression models. The associations of serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with obesity (measured by the waist-to-hip ratio [WHR]) were assessed with binary logistic and linear regression models with restricted cubic splines. Results: Logistic regression models revealed inverse associations of vitamin D with depression (OR = 0.966; 95% CI 0.951–0.981) and obesity (OR = 0.976; 95% CI 0.967–0.985). No linear association of serum BDNF with depression or obesity was found. However, linear regression models revealed a U-shaped association of BDNF with WHR (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Vitamin D was inversely associated with depression and obesity. BDNF was associated with abdominal obesity, but not with depression. At the population level, our results support the relevant roles of vitamin D and BDNF in mental and physical health-related outcomes.
Background: Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) represent a global health threat to individuals and societies. IDD prevention programmes have been introduced in many parts of the world. However, challenges remain, particularly in Europe due to fragmentation and diversity of approaches that are not harmonized. Objectives: This review is dedicated to the public-health impact of IDD prevention programmes. It sums up experiences collected by the EUthyroid consortium so far and provides information on stakeholders that should be involved in actions directed to improve the impact of IDD prevention. Methods: A joint European database for combining registry-based outcome and monitoring data as well as tools for harmonizing study methods were established. Methods for analyzing thyroglobulin from a dried blood spot are available for assessing the iodine status in the general population and at-risk groups. Mother-child cohorts are used for in-depth analysis of the potential impact of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency on the neurocognitive development of the offspring. A decision-analytic model has been developed to evaluate the long-term effectiveness and cost effectiveness of IDD prevention programmes. Results: EUthyroid has produced tools and infrastructure to improve the quality of IDD monitoring and follows a dissemination strategy targeting policymakers and the general public. There are tight connections to major stakeholders in the field of IDD monitoring and prevention. Conclusions: EUthyroid has taken steps towards achieving a euthyroid Europe. Our challenge is to inspire a greater sense of urgency in both policymakers and the wider public to address this remediable deficit caused by IDD.
Arm Ability Training (AAT) has been specifically designed to promote manual dexterity recovery for stroke patients who have mild to moderate arm paresis. The motor control problems that these patients suffer from relate to a lack of efficiency in terms of the sensorimotor integration needed for dexterity. Various sensorimotor arm and hand abilities such as speed of selective movements, the capacity to make precise goal-directed arm movements, coordinated visually guided movements, steadiness, and finger dexterity all contribute to our “dexterity” in daily life. All these abilities are deficient in stroke patients who have mild to moderate paresis causing focal disability. The AAT explicitly and repetitively trains all these sensorimotor abilities at the individual's performance limit with eight different tasks; it further implements various task difficulty levels and integrates augmented feedback in the form of intermittent knowledge of results. The evidence from two randomized controlled trials indicates the clinical effectiveness of the AAT with regard to the promotion of “dexterity” recovery and the reduction of focal disability in stroke patients with mild to moderate arm paresis. In addition, the effects have been shown to be superior to time-equivalent “best conventional therapy.” Further, studies in healthy subjects showed that the AAT induced substantial sensorimotor learning. The observed learning dynamics indicate that different underlying sensorimotor arm and hand abilities are trained. Capacities strengthened by the training can, in part, be used by both arms. Non-invasive brain stimulation experiments and functional magnetic resonance imaging data documented that at an early stage in the training cortical sensorimotor network areas are involved in learning induced by the AAT, yet differentially for the tasks trained. With prolonged training over 2 to 3 weeks, subcortical structures seem to take over. While behavioral similarities in training responses have been observed in healthy volunteers and patients, training-induced functional re-organization in survivors of a subcortical stroke uniquely involved the ipsilesional premotor cortex as an adaptive recruitment of this secondary motor area. Thus, training-induced plasticity in healthy and brain-damaged subjects are not necessarily the same.
Mast cells reside on and near the cerebral vasculature, the predominant site of pneumococcal entry into the central nervous system (CNS). Although mast cells have been reported to be crucial in protecting from systemic bacterial infections, their role in bacterial infections of the CNS remained elusive. Here, we assessed the role of mast cells in pneumococcal infection in vitro and in vivo. In introductory experiments using mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC), we found that (i) BMMC degranulate and release selected cytokines upon exposure to Streptococcus pneumoniae, (ii) the response of BMMC varies between different pneumococcal serotypes and (iii) is dependent on pneumolysin. Intriguingly though, apart from a slight enhancement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis, neither two different mast cell-deficient Kit mutant mouse strains (WBB6F1-KitW/Wv and C57BL/6 KitW-sh/W-sh mice) nor pharmacologic mast cell stabilization with cromoglycate had any significant impact on the disease phenotype of experimental pneumococcal meningitis. The incomplete reversal of the enhanced CSF pleocytosis by local mast cell engraftment suggests that this phenomenon is caused by other c-Kit mutation-related mechanisms than mast cell deficiency. In conclusion, our study suggests that mast cells can be activated by S. pneumoniae in vitro. However, mast cells do not play a significant role as sentinels of pneumococcal CSF invasion and initiators of innate immunity in vivo.
Background and Aims: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare malignancies but the most common mesenchymal tumors of the digestive tract. Recent advances in diagnostic imaging and an increasing incidence will confront us more frequently with stromal tumors. This single center study aimed to characterize GIST patients in terms of tumor location, clinical presentation, metastasis formation, as well as associated secondary malignancies. Methods: In a retrospective study, 104 patients with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of GIST, collected between 1993 and 2011, were characterized for several clinical features. Results: The most common GIST location was the stomach (67.6%) followed by the small intestine (16.2%). Gastrointestinal bleeding (55.8%) and abdominal pain (38.5%) were the most frequently reported symptoms whereas about one-third of patients remained clinically asymptomatic (31.6%); 14.4% of patients had either synchronous or metachronous metastases and there was a significant prevalence also in the low risk group. The proportion of secondary malignant associated neoplasms was 31% in our GIST cohort, among which gastrointestinal, genitourinary tumors, and breast cancer were the most prevalent. Conclusion: There was a considerable risk for metastasis formation and the development of secondary neoplasias that should encourage discussion about the appropriate surveillance strategy after surgery for GIST.
In aktuellen Studien aus den letzten Jahren mehren sich die Hinweise auf metabolische Einflüsse
von Osteocalcin. Neben dem Skelettsystem scheint besonders der Energiestoffwechsel,
speziell auf der Ebene der Distribution und des Verbrauchs von Glucose mit Osteocalcin
zu interagieren. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden Blutplasma- und Urinproben von 931
gesunden Probanden mittels Massenspektrometrie (Tandem-Massenspektroskopie mit vorgeschalteter
Flüssigkeitschromatographie) auf niedermolekulare Substanzen untersucht, um
dann auf systemische Effekte von Osteocalcin zu schließen. Diese Methodik erlaubt eine
breite Untersuchung von Wirkungen von Osteocalcin in allen Organsystemen, auch in jenen,
für die bisher noch keine Interaktionen mit Osteocalcin bekannt sind. Die Berechnung eines
ersten Modells zeigte viele Zusammenhänge. Diese waren jedoch stark durch die Nierenfunktion
beeinflusst. Nach Adjustierung für die Nierenfunktion blieben insgesamt 29 signifikante
Ergebnisse erhalten. Zu diesen Ergebnissen zählten zuvorderst Zwischenprodukte des
Kollagenstoffwechsels, besonders Prolinderivate, was die Bedeutung von Osteocalcin im
Knochenstoffwechsel unterstreicht. Die weiteren Ergebnisse umfassten eine Assoziation mit
Kynurenin, ein Hinweis auf die Möglichkeit, dass Entzündungen Einflüsse auf zirkulierendes
Osteocalcin haben könnten. Weitere Hinweise auf die bereits bekannte Verknüpfung zwischen
dem Energiestoffwechsel und Osteocalcin bietet die vorliegende Studie durch die Detektion
einer Assoziation zwischen Osteocalcin und Abbauprodukten von verzweigtkettigen
Aminosäuren. Auch scheint Osteocalcin vom Lebensstil, wie beispielsweise dem Tabakrauchen,
beeinflusst zu werden. Zusammenfassend bietet die vorliegende Studie einen umfassenden
Überblick über die metabolischen Einflüsse von Osteocalcin. Darin war eine Vielzahl
von Assoziationen nachweisbar, die jedoch insgesamt für eine eher geringe Rolle von Osteocalcin
im menschlichen Stoffwechsel sprechen.
Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy Shows Potential Structural White Matter Abnormalities: A TBSS Study
(2018)
Intranasal Vaccination With Lipoproteins Confers Protection Against Pneumococcal Colonisation
(2018)
Streptococcus pneumoniae is endowed with a variety of surface-exposed proteins representing putative vaccine candidates. Lipoproteins are covalently anchored to the cell membrane and highly conserved among pneumococcal serotypes. Here, we evaluated these lipoproteins for their immunogenicity and protective potential against pneumococcal colonisation. A multiplex-based immunoproteomics approach revealed the immunogenicity of selected lipoproteins. High antibody titres were measured in sera from mice immunised with the lipoproteins MetQ, PnrA, PsaA, and DacB. An analysis of convalescent patient sera confirmed the immunogenicity of these lipoproteins. Examining the surface localisation and accessibility of the lipoproteins using flow cytometry indicated that PnrA and DacB were highly abundant on the surface of the bacteria. Mice were immunised intranasally with PnrA, DacB, and MetQ using cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) as an adjuvant, followed by an intranasal challenge with S. pneumoniae D39. PnrA protected the mice from pneumococcal colonisation. For the immunisation with DacB and MetQ, a trend in reducing the bacterial load could be observed, although this effect was not statistically significant. The reduction in bacterial colonisation was correlated with the increased production of antigen-specific IL-17A in the nasal cavity. Immunisation induced high systemic IgG levels with a predominance for the IgG1 isotype, except for DacB, where IgG levels were substantially lower compared to MetQ and PnrA. Our results indicate that lipoproteins are interesting targets for future vaccine strategies as they are highly conserved, abundant, and immunogenic.
The obligate anaerobe, spore forming bacterium Clostridioides difficile (formerly Clostridium difficile) causes nosocomial and community acquired diarrhea often associated with antibiotic therapy. Major virulence factors of the bacterium are the two large clostridial toxins TcdA and TcdB. The production of both toxins was found strongly connected to the metabolism and the nutritional status of the growth environment. Here, we systematically investigated the changes of the gene regulatory, proteomic and metabolic networks of C. difficile 630Δerm underlying the adaptation to the non-growing state in the stationary phase. Integrated data from time-resolved transcriptome, proteome and metabolome investigations performed under defined growth conditions uncovered multiple adaptation strategies. Overall changes in the cellular processes included the downregulation of ribosome production, lipid metabolism, cold shock proteins, spermine biosynthesis, and glycolysis and in the later stages of riboflavin and coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis. In contrast, different chaperones, several fermentation pathways, and cysteine, serine, and pantothenate biosynthesis were found upregulated. Focusing on the Stickland amino acid fermentation and the central carbon metabolism, we discovered the ability of C. difficile to replenish its favored amino acid cysteine by a pathway starting from the glycolytic 3-phosphoglycerate via L-serine as intermediate. Following the growth course, the reductive equivalent pathways used were sequentially shifted from proline via leucine/phenylalanine to the central carbon metabolism first to butanoate fermentation and then further to lactate fermentation. The toxin production was found correlated mainly to fluxes of the central carbon metabolism. Toxin formation in the supernatant was detected when the flux changed from butanoate to lactate synthesis in the late stationary phase. The holistic view derived from the combination of transcriptome, proteome and metabolome data allowed us to uncover the major metabolic strategies that are used by the clostridial cells to maintain its cellular homeostasis and ensure survival under starvation conditions.
Ziel dieser Untersuchung sollte eine Validierung der Sehschärfeprüfung mit einem modifizierten Optotypen sein, um Simulation und Aggravation im gutachterlichen Sehtest aufzudecken. Dieses Testverfahren wurde hier nicht an simulierenden, sondern an wahrheitsgemäß antwortenden Probanden erprobt, um deren Verhalten auf besondere Optotypen bei einem Sehtest standardisiert zu evaluieren.
Background: Biomarkers for gains of evidence based interventions for upper limb motor training in the subacute stage following stroke have rarely been described. Information about these parameters might help to identify patients who benefit from specific interventions and to determine individually expected behavioral gains for a certain period of therapy.
Objective: To evaluate predictors for hand motor outcome after arm ability training in the subacute stage after stroke selected from known potentially relevant parameters (initial motor strength, structural integrity of the pyramidal tract and functional motor cortex integrity).
Methods: We applied the arm ability training (AAT) over 3 weeks to a subpopulation of stroke patients with mild arm paresis, i.e., in 14 patients on average 4 weeks after stroke. The following biomarkers were measured before therapy onset: grip strength on the affected hand, transcranial magnetic stimulation recruitment curve steepness over the primary motor hand area [slope ratio between the ipsilesional hemisphere (IH) and contralesional hemisphere (CH)], and diffusion weighted MRI fractional anisotropy (FA) in the posterior limb of the internal capsule (PLIC; determined as a lateralization index between IH and CH). Outcome was assessed as the AATgain (percentage improvement over training). The “Test d'Evaluation des Membres Supérieurs de Personnes Âgées” (TEMPA) was assessed before and after training to test for possible associations of AAT with activity of daily living.
Results: A stepwise linear regression identified the lateralization index of PLIC FA as the only significant predictor for AAT-gain (R2 = 0.519; P = 0.029). AAT-gain was positively associated (r = 0.59; P = 0.028) with improvement in arm function during daily activities (TEMPA).
Conclusions: While all mildly affected patients achieved a clinically relevant therapeutic effect, pyramidal tract integrity nevertheless had a modifying role for clinical benefit.
Tree growth at northern boreal treelines is generally limited by summer temperature, hence tree rings serve as natural archives of past climatic conditions. However, there is increasing evidence that a changing summer climate as well as certain micro-site conditions can lead to a weakening or loss of the summer temperature signal in trees growing in treeline environments. This phenomenon poses a challenge to all applications relying on stable temperature-growth relationships such as temperature reconstructions and dynamic vegetation models. We tested the effect of differing ecological and climatological conditions on the summer temperature signal of Scots pine at its northern distribution limits by analyzing twelve sites distributed along a 2200 km gradient from Finland to Western Siberia (Russia). Two frequently used proxies in dendroclimatology, ring width and maximum latewood density, were correlated with summer temperature for the period 1901–2013 separately for (i) dry vs. wet micro-sites and (ii) years with dry/warm vs. wet/cold climate regimes prevailing during the growing season. Differing climate regimes significantly affected the temperature signal of Scots pine at about half of our sites: While correlations were stronger in wet/cold than in dry/warm years at most sites located in Russia, differing climate regimes had only little effect at Finnish sites. Both tree-ring proxies were affected in a similar way. Interestingly, micro-site differences significantly affected absolute tree growth, but had only minor effects on the climatic signal at our sites. We conclude that, despite the treeline-proximal location, growth-limiting conditions seem to be exceeded in dry/warm years at most Russian sites, leading to a weakening or loss of the summer temperature signal in Scots pine here. With projected temperature increase, unstable summer temperature signals in Scots pine tree rings might become more frequent, possibly affecting dendroclimatological applications and related fields.
Hintergrund:
Geschlecht und Gender sind nicht nebensächlich, sondern spielen eine relevante Rolle in der kindlichen Entwicklung, Erziehung und Gesundheit. Die Diskurse um Geschlecht und Gleichstellung lassen hingegen häufig den durchschnittlichen Reifungsvorsprung der Mädchen außer Acht. Auf diese Weise wird die Kluft zwischen den Geschlechtern bereits im Vorschulalter in beunruhigendem Maße betont. Durch die dichotome Geschlechterperspektive geraten außerdem andere entscheidende Einflussfaktoren wie die soziale und die ethnische Herkunft der Kinder in den Hintergrund. Diese Dissertation setzt den Schwerpunkt daher auf eine angemessene Analyse der Kategorie Geschlecht in ihrer immerwährenden Interaktion mit Anlage und Umwelt.
Methoden:
Die Betrachtungen beruhen auf Daten zu N = 6.447 Kindergartenkindern aus Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (M-V), die im Rahmen der kontrollierten prospektiven Kohortenstudie „Summative Evaluation KiföG M-V“ erhoben wurden. Zur Einschätzung kindlicher Kompetenzen kam das „Dortmunder Entwicklungsscreening für den Kindergarten“ (DESK 3-6) zur Anwendung; weiterhin wurde ein Elternfragebogen zur Erhebung des Sozialstatus eingesetzt. Auf der Grundlage geschlechtsinsensibler Normen erfolgte die Ermittlung kompetenzspezifischer Geschlechtsunterschiede in Abhängigkeit vom Kindesalter, vom Bildungshintergrund und vom Migrationsstatus. Geschlechtsspezifische Normen fanden anschließend Anwendung für die erneute Errechnung der Screeningbefunde von n = 4.251 Kindern im Alter von 48 bis 83 Monaten. Das Effektstärkemaß Cohen’s d diente dabei der Beurteilung der praktischen Relevanz der Geschlechterdifferenzen.
Ergebnisse:
Unter Anwendung der geschlechtsinsensiblen Gesamtnormen schnitten die Jungen jeden Alters schlechter ab – in allen Entwicklungsbereichen und unabhängig vom Kindesalter, vom Bildungshintergrund und vom Migrationsstatus manifestierten sich stets Geschlechtsunterschiede zugunsten der Mädchen. Diese Differenzen vergrößerten sich meist mit zunehmendem Alter und waren stellenweise stärker ausgeprägt bei Kindern aus bildungsnahen Elternhäusern bzw. bei Kindern nicht-deutscher Nationalität. Analysen auf der Grundlage geschlechtsspezifischer Normen ergaben allerdings ein andersartiges, buntes Bild und keine konsistenten Vorteile für ein Geschlecht: Die Unterschiede zwischen Mädchen und Jungen waren alles in allem nicht pädagogisch und praktisch bedeutsam, die Stärken und Schwächen geschlechtstypisch, aber nicht geschlechtsspezifisch verteilt. Die Berücksichtigung geschlechtsbedingter Besonderheiten hatte auch auf die Ermittlung von Entwicklungsrisiken im feinmotorischen und im psychosozialen Bereich einen Einfluss: Die Prävalenzraten wurden dabei durch die geschlechtsinsensiblen Normen für Mädchen mehrheitlich unterschätzt, für Jungen überschätzt.
Schlussfolgerungen:
Die besondere Beachtung geschlechtsspezifischer Entwicklungsaufgaben und Entwicklungsbedingungen entschärft einerseits die „Jungenkrise“ und ermöglicht andererseits eine erweiterte, eine biopsychosoziale Perspektive: Die Unterschiede in den Lernwelten und Lebenswegen von Mädchen und Jungen sind nicht monokausal, sondern multidimensional zu erklären. Statt die Geschlechter gegeneinander auszuspielen, sollte deshalb das Augenmerk auf der Koexistenz von Stärken und Schwächen innerhalb der Geschlechter liegen. Differenzierungen und Diversitäten müssen dringend den Platz von Pauschalisierungen einnehmen, um Behinderungen durch Begriffe und Bilder von Geschlecht gewissenhaft zu umgehen und in angemessener Art und Weise auf ethnische und soziale Herkunft Rücksicht zu nehmen. Im Sinne der Strategien des „Gender Mainstreaming“ und „Managing Diversity“ werden so intersektionale, interdisziplinäre Maßnahmen für mehr Chancengleichheit ins Rollen gebracht. Für frühzeitige Förderung und Frühintervention erscheint entsprechend ein Fokus auf Fähigkeiten und Fertigkeiten statt allein auf Geschlecht und Gender vielversprechend. Kompetenzspezifische, kompensatorische, kultursensible Präventionsansätze bieten die beste Chance, bereits bei Kindergartenkindern die Divergenzen nicht nur im Hinblick auf Geschlecht und Gender, sondern auch auf Ethnizität und Milieu zu verringern.
The platinum(II) complexes carboplatin (CBDCA), cisplatin (CDDP) and oxaliplatin
(1-OHP) are used as anticancer drugs in a large number of tumour chemotherapy regimens.
Many attempts have been made to combine Pt(II)-based chemotherapy with alternative treatment
strategies. One such alternative anticancer approach is known as photodynamic therapy (PDT),
where a non-toxic photosensitizer (PS) produces oxidative stress via the formation of reactive
oxygen species (ROS) after local illumination of the affected tissue. A very promising PS is
5,10,15,20-tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (mTHPC, Temoporfin), which is approved for the treatment
of head and neck cancer in Europe. In the present study, a combination of mTHPC-mediated PDT
and either CBDCA, CDDP, or 1-OHP was applied to five human cancer cell lines from different
tumour origins. Cytotoxicity was determined by the MTT assay and synergistic effects on cytotoxicity
were evaluated by calculation of Combination Indices (CI). Synergy was identified in some of the
combinations, for example, with 1-OHP in three of the tested cell lines but antagonism was also
observed for a number of combinations in certain cell lines. In cases of synergy, elevated ROS levels
were observed after combination but apoptosis induction was not necessarily increased compared
to a treatment with a single compound. Cell cycle analysis revealed a formation of apoptotic
subG1 populations and S phase as well as G2/M phase arrests after combination. In conclusion,
pre-treatment with mTHPC-PDT has the potential to sensitize some types of tumour cells towards
Pt(II) complexes, in particular 1-OHP but synergy is highly dependent on the type of cancer.
The fear of somatic sensations is highly relevant in the etiology and maintenance of various disorders. Nevertheless, little is known about this fear of body symptoms and many questions are yet unanswered. Especially physiological studies on interoceptive threat are rare. Therefore, the present thesis investigated defensive mobilization, autonomic arousal, and brain activation during the anticipation of, exposure to, and recovery from unpleasant body sensations. Symptoms were provoked using a standardized hyperventilation procedure in a sample of high (and as controls: low) anxiety sensitive individuals - a population high at risk for developing a panic disorder and high in fear of internal body symptoms.
In study one, anxious apprehension was investigated during anticipation of interoceptive threat (somatic sensations evoked by hyperventilation) and exteroceptive threat (electric shock). Symptom reports, autonomic arousal, and defensive mobilization assessed by the startle eyeblink response were analyzed. Extending the knowledge on anticipation of interoceptive threat, study two investigated the neural networks activated during anxious apprehension of unpleasant body sensations. Symptom reports and startle response data were collected during a learning session after which participants high and low in fear of somatic symptoms attended a fMRI session anticipating threat (hyperventilation – learned to provoke unpleasant symptoms) or safety (normal breathing). Study three examined the actual exposure to internal body symptoms, investigating symptoms reports, autonomic arousal, and the startle eyeblink response during guided breathing (hyperventilation and, as a non-provocative comparison condition, normoventilation) and during recovery. And finally, study four addressed changes in the defensive mobilization during repeated interoceptive exposure via a hyperventilation procedure. High and low anxiety sensitive persons went through two guided hyperventilation and normoventilation procedures that were spaced one week apart while symptom reports, breathing parameters, and startle response magnitudes were measured.
In study one it was demonstrated that the anticipation of exteroceptive threat led to a defensive and autonomic mobilization in high and low anxiety sensitive individuals, while during interoceptive threat only high anxiety sensitive participants were characterized by a potentiated startle response and autonomic activation. Imaging data of study two revealed that 1) during anticipation of hyperventilation all participants were characterized by an increased activation of a fear network consisting of anterior insula/ orbitofrontal cortex and rostral parts of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex/ dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, 2) high fear individuals showed higher anxious apprehension than low fear controls during the entire context (safe and threat conditions), indexed by an overall stronger activation of the described network, and 3) while low fear controls learned that (undisclosed to all participants) in the fMRI scanner the threat cue was not followed by an unpleasant hyperventilation task, high fear participants continued to show stronger fear network activation to this cue. In study three it was demonstrated, that the hyperventilation procedure led to a marked increase in somatic symptoms and to autonomic arousal. While high and low anxiety sensitive groups did not differ during hyperventilation, in the early recovery only high anxiety sensitive individuals showed defensive mobilization, indicated by potentiated startle response magnitudes, and increased autonomic arousal after hyperventilation as compared to after normoventilation. Substantiating these findings, in study four all participants reported more symptoms during hyperventilation than during normoventilation, in both sessions. Nevertheless, only high anxiety sensitive participants displayed a potentiation of startle response magnitudes after the first hyper- vs. normoventilation. One week later, when the exercise was repeated this potentiation was no longer present and thus both groups no longer differed in their defensive mobilization. Even more, the number of reported baseline symptoms decreased from session one to session two in the high-AS group. While high anxiety sensitive persons reported increased baseline anxiety symptoms in session one, groups did not anymore differ in session two.
These data indicate that the standardized hyperventilation procedure is a valid paradigm to induce somatic symptoms. Moreover, it induces anxious apprehension especially in persons highly fearful of internal body symptoms. The repetition of interoceptive exposure, however, reduces associated fear in highly fearful individuals. Thus, this paradigm might provide an innovative method to study anxious apprehension and also treatment effects in patients with panic disorder. The present findings are integrated and discussed in the light of the current literature.
Individual white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) growth limitations at treelines in Alaska
(2018)
White spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) is one of the most common conifers in Alaska and various treelines mark the species distribution range. Because treelines positions are driven by climate and because climate change is estimated to be strongest in northern latitudes, treeline shifts appear likely. However, species range shifts depend on various species parameters, probably most importantly on phenotypic plasticity, genetic adaptation
and dispersal. Due to their long generation cycles and their immobility, trees evolved to endure a wide variety of climatic conditions. In most locations, interannual climate variability is larger than the expected climate change until 2100. Thus treeline position is typically thought of as the integrated effect of multiple years and to lag behind gradual climate change by several decades. Past dendrochronological studies revealed that growth of white spruce in Alaska can be limited by several climatic variables, in particular water stress and low temperatures. Depending on how the intensity of climate warming, this could result in a leading range edge at treelines limited by low temperatures and trailing treelines where soil moisture is or becomes most limiting. Climate-growth correlations are the dendrochronological version of reaction norms and describe the relationship between an environmental variable and traits like tree-ring parameters (e.g. ring width, wood density, wood anatomy). These correlations can be used to explore potential effects of climate change on a target species. However, it is known that individuals differ with respect to multiple variables like size, age, microsite conditions, competition status or their genome. Such individual differences could be important because they can modulate climate-growth relationships and consequently also range shifts and growth trends. Removing individual differences by averaging tree-ring parameters of many individuals into site chronologies could be an oversimplification that might bias estimates of future white spruce performance. Population dynamics that emerge from the interactions of individuals (e.g. competition) and the range of reactions to the same environmental drivers can only be studied via individual tree analyses. Consequently, this thesis focuses on factors that might alter individual white spruce’ climate sensitivity and methods to assess such effects. In particular, the research articles included explore three topics:
1. First, clones were identified via microsatellites and high-frequency climate signals of clones were compared to that of non-clonal individuals. Clonal and non-clonal individuals showed similar high-frequency climate signals which allows to use clonal and non-clonal individuals to construct mean site chronologies. However, clones were more frequently found under the harsher environmental conditions at the treelines which could be of interest for the species survival strategy at alpine treelines and is further explored in the associated RESPONSE project A5 by David Würth.
2. In the second article, methods for the exploration and visualization of individual-tree differences in climate sensitivity are described. These methods represent a toolbox to explore causes for the variety of different climate sensitivities found in individual
trees at the same site. Though, overlaying gradients of multiple factors like temperature, tree density and/or tree height can make it difficult to attribute a single cause to the range of reaction norms (climate growth correlations).
3. Lastly, the third article attempts to disentangle the effect of age and size on climate-growth correlations. Multiple past studies found that trees of different Ages responded differently to climatic drivers. In contrast, other studies found that trees do not age like many other organisms. Age and size of a trees are roughly correlated, though there are large differences in the growth rate of trees, which can lead to smaller trees that are older than taller trees. Consequently, age is an imperfect Proxy for size and in contrast to age, size has been shown to affect wood anatomy and thus tree physiology. The article compares two tree-age methods and one tree-size method based on cumulative ring width. In line with previous research on aging and Wood anatomy, tree size appeared to be the best predictor to explain ontogenetic changes in white spruce’ climate sensitivity. In particular, tallest trees exhibited strongest correlations with water stress in previous year July. In conclusion, this thesis is about factors that can alter climate-growth relationships (reaction norms) of white spruce. The results emphasize that interactions between climate variables and other factors like tree size or competition status are important for estimates of future tree growth and potential treeline shifts. In line with previous studies on white spruce in Alaska, the results of this thesis underline the importance of water stress for white spruce.
Individuals that are taller and that have more competitors for water appear to be most susceptible to the potentially drier future climate in Alaska. While tree ring based growth trends estimates of white spruce are difficult to derive due to multiple overlaying low frequency (>10 years) signals, all investigated treeline sites showed highest growth at the treeline edge. This could indicate expanding range edges. However, a potential bottleneck for treeline advances and retreats could be seedling establishment, which should be explored in more detail in the future.
GH und sein Hauptmediator IGF-I spielen eine wichtige Rolle im Knochenstoffwechsel. Der Zusammenhang zwischen IGF-I und verminderter BMD bei Osteoporose wurde bereits vielfach untersucht. Insbesondere in Bezug auf eine mögliche geschlechtsspezifische Assoziation wurden allerdings widersprüchliche Ergebnisse gefunden. Zudem gibt es wenige Daten zu QUS-Messungen zur Bestimmung der Knochenqualität und zum IGFBP-3, welches die Bioverfügbarkeit von IGF-I reguliert. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war daher, diese Zusammenhänge in der Allgemeinbevölkerung im Nordosten Deutschlands zu untersuchten. Grundlage für die Analysen der vorliegenden Studie bildeten die Daten von 3.543 Teilnehmern (1.759 Männer und 1.784 Frauen im Alter von 20-79 Jahren) von SHIP-Trend, einer bevölkerungsbasierten Studie in der Region Vorpommern. Von allen diesen Probanden lagen Serum IGF-I und IGFBP-3 Werte ebenso wie Messwerte einer Quantitativen Ultraschallmessung am Calcaneus vor. Geschlechtsspezifische lineare und logistische Regressionsanalysen, adjustiert für Alter, Taillenumfang, Sport, Diabetes mellitus, hsCRP und Menopausenstatus (nur bei Frauen) wurden berechnet. Bei Männern wurden positive lineare Assoziationen zwischen IGF-I, der IGF-I/IGFBP-3 Ratio und den QUS Parametern SOS, BUA und dem Steifigkeitsindex beobachtet, während bei Frauen keine klaren, statistisch signifikanten Assoziationen gezeigt werden konnten. Weiterhin wurde in der logistischen Regressionsanalyse eine inverse Assoziation zwischen den IGF-I-Spiegeln und dem Risiko für eine osteoporotische Fraktur bei beiden Geschlechtern gefunden. Bei Männern konnte nach dem Abfall des IGF-I-Spiegels um eine SD eine um 18% erhöhte Wahrscheinlichkeit für ein mittleres Frakturrisiko, sowie eine um 37% höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit für ein hohes (gegenüber einem niedrigen) Frakturrisiko festgestellt werden. Bei Frauen stieg beim Absinken des IGF-I Spiegels um eine SD die Wahrscheinlichkeit für ein hohes (gegenüber einem niedrigen) osteoporotisches Frakturrisiko um 45%. Für das IGFBP-3 konnten keine Assoziationen mit den QUS Parametern oder dem Risiko für eine osteoporotische Fraktur bei beiden Geschlechtern gezeigt werden.
Insbesondere bei Männer bleibt Osteoporose oft unentdeckt. Die hier aufgezeigten Assoziationen von IGF-I mit dem Steifigkeitsindex und dem QUS-basierten Frakturrisiko könnten helfen, die Anzahl der nicht diagnostizierten Patienten mit Osteoporose, besonders bei Männern, zu senken.
Dendrochronology, the science of tree-rings is a tool which has been widely used for many years for understanding changes in the environment, as trees react to environmental changes over time. In the contemporary situation, where climate warming in the Arctic is unequivocal and its effects on the Alpine and tundra ecosystems are seen pronouncedly in the past decade, the role of dendro-studies and the use of trees and shrubs alike as proxies of change has become critical. Studies clearly indicate that warming in the Arctic and Alpine tundra has resulted in increased vegetation in recent years. Shrubs, in these sensitive ecosystems, have proven to be highly instrumental as they likely benefit from this warming and hence are good indicators and auditees of this change. Therefore, in this study, we investigate the potential of shrubs in the evolving field of dendro-ecology/climatology.
Studies from classical dendrochronology used annual rings from trees. Further, because of shrub sensitivity to contemporary change, shrub-based dendrochronological research has increased at a notable scale in the last decade and will likely continue. This is because shrubs grow even beyond the tree line and promise environmental records from areas where tree growth is very limited or absent. However, a common limitation noted by most shrub studies is the very hard cross-dating due to asynchronous growth patterns. This limitation poses a major hurdle in shrub-based dendrochronological studies, as it renders weak detection of common signals in growth patterns in population stands. This common signal is traced by using a ‘site-chronology’.
In this dissertation, I studied shrub growth through various resolutions, starting from understanding radial growth within individuals along the length of the stem, to comparison of radial growth responses among male and female shrubs, to comparing growth responses among trees and shrubs to investigation of biome-wide functional trait responses to current warming. Apart from Chapter 4 and Chapter 6, I largely used Juniperus communis sp. for investigations as it is the most widely distributed woody dioecious species often used in dendro-ecological investigations in the Northern Hemisphere.
Primarily, we investigated radial growth patterns within shrubs to better understand growth within individuals by comparing different stem-disks from different stem heights within individuals. We found significant differences in radial growth from different stem-disks with respect to stem heights from same individuals. Furthermore, we found that these differences depending on the choice of the stem-disk affect the resulting site-chronology and hence climate-sensitivity to a substantial extent and that the choice of a stem-disk is a crucial precursor which affects climate-growth relationships.
Secondly, we investigated if gender difference – often reported causing differential radial growth in dioecious trees – is an influential factor for heterogeneous growth. We found that at least in case of Juniperus communis. L and Juniperus communis ssp nana. WILLD there is no substantial gender biased difference in radial growth which might affect the site-chronology. We did find moderate differences between sexes in an overall analysis and attribute this to reproductive effort in females.
In our study to test the potential of shrubs for reconstruction, we used a test case of Alnus viridis ssp crispa. We found a strong correlation between ring-width indices and summer temperature. Initially, the model failed the stability tests when we tested the stability of this relation using a response function model. However, using wood-anatomical analysis we discovered that this was because of abnormal cell-wall formation resulting in very thin rings in the year 2004. Pointer year analysis revealed that the thin rings were caused because of a moth larval outbreak and when corrected for these rings the model passed all stability tests.
Furthermore, to see if trees and shrubs growing in same biomes react to environmental changes similarly, a network analysis with sites ranging from the Mediterranean biome to the Ural Mountains in Russia was carried out. We found that shrubs react better to the current climate warming and have a decoupled divergent temperature response as compared to coexisting trees. This outcome reiterated the importance of shrub studies in relation to contemporary climate change. Even though trees and shrubs are woody forms producing annual rings, they have very different growth patterns and need different methods for analysis and data treatment.
Finally, in a domain-wide network analysis from plant-community vegetation survey, we investigated functional relationships between plant traits (leaf area, plant height, leaf nitrogen content, specific leaf area (SLA), and leaf dry matter content (LDMC)) and abiotic factors viz. temperature and soil moisture. We found a strong relation between summer temperature and community height, SLA and LDMC on a spatial scale. Contrarily, the temporal-analysis revealed SLA and LDMC lagged and did not respond to temperature over the last decade. We realized that there are complex interactions between intra-specific and inter-specific plant traits which differ spatially and temporally impacting Arctic ecosystems in terms of carbon turn over, surface albedo, water balance and heat-energy fluxes. We found that ecosystem functions in the Arctic are closely linked with plant height and will be indicative of warming in the short term future becoming key factors in modelling ecosystem projections.
Auf der Grundlage der populationsbezogenen Daten der Study of Health in Pomerania wurden in dieser Studie a) die Häufigkeit einer dynamischen Überblähung und b) prädiktive Faktoren für das Auftreten dieses Phänomens analysiert.
Es wurden Daten von 6753 Probanden (3510 weiblich) aus 2 Kohorten der Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-2 und SHIP-TREND) untersucht.
Eine dynamische Überblähung wurde mit Hilfe der IC-Manöver, welche im Rahmen der Spiroergometrie durchgeführt wurden, als Konstanz oder Anstieg des EELV unter Belastung definiert.
Analysiert wurden die Ergebnisse anhand von 2148 Probanden (1052 weiblich) mit einem vollständigen kardiopulmonalen Untersuchungskomplexes ohne gröbere Fehler, mindestens 3 IC-Manövern der Spiroergometrie und einer Variabilität des EELV von weniger als 200 ml.
Aus dieser Gesamtgruppe wurde durch Ausschluss von aktiven Rauchern und Probanden mit kardiopulmonalen Vorerkrankungen und Vormedikation eine gesunde Studienpopulation extrahiert. Mit Hilfe einer detaillierten Qualitätsanalyse ergab sich aus der Gesamtpopulation zusätzlich eine Studienpopulation mit fehlerfreien dynamischen Fluss-Volumen-Kurven.
Alle Ergebnisse wurden als Absolut- und Relativwerte angegeben. Die Relativwerte wurden anhand der vorgestellten Normwertformeln berechnet.
Bei einem mittleren Alter von 54 und 52 Jahren und einem mittleren BMI von 27 kg/m2 wiesen die untersuchten Studienpopulationen lungenfunktionelle Werte im Normbereich auf. Zudem war eine normale Belastbarkeit bei normwertiger peakVO2 und VO2@AT gegeben.
Die Datenlage zu Häufigkeiten und Prädiktoren der dynamischen Überblähung war bisher noch gering. So konnten wir mit Hilfe unserer Studie zeigen, dass eine dynamische Überblähung bei Probanden einer epidemiologischen Studie mit einer Häufigkeit von bis zu 23 % vorkommt. Zusätzlich war es möglich, die Prävalenz der dynamischen Überblähung über alle Altersgruppen getrennt für Männer und Frauen anzugeben.
Signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen der Probanden mit und ohne dynamische Überblähung zeigten sich in allen drei Studienpopulationen hinsichtlich Alter (Jahren), BMI (kg/m2) und Größe (cm) sowie bezüglich der spirometrischen Parameter FEV (l), PEF (l/s) und MEF 75 (l/s) und der bodyplethysmografischen Parameter Rtot (kPa*s/l und %pred) und ITGV (l).
Weitere signifikante Unterschiede waren in den spiroergometrischen Parametern peakVO2 (ml/min), Vtin_max (l) und peakVt (l und %pred) zu verzeichnen.
Als bester Prädiktor einer dynamischen Überblähung erwies sich in unserer Studie der Atemwegswiderstand Rtot in %pred, gefolgt von Alter, Größe und Gewicht.
Unsere Studie stellt die Bedeutung der dynamischen Fluss-Volumen-Kurven als ein wichtiges diagnostisches Verfahren im Rahmen der Spiroergometrie heraus und zeigt Möglichkeiten einer qualitativen Bewertung dieser Untersuchungsmethode auf. Sie ist zudem eine der ersten Studien, welche die lungenfunktionellen und spiroergometrischen Parameter hinsichtlich ihrer prädiktiven Potenz zur Feststellung einer dynamischen Überblähung untersuchte.
Um die Bedeutung für den klinischen Alltag herauszuarbeiten, werden weitere Studien notwendig sein.
Functional characterization of a novel protease isolated from a mouse-adapted S. aureus strain
(2018)
Background: The high incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) strengthens the need for new effective antibiotics and a protective vaccine. Up till now, mainly human-adapted Staphylococcus aureus strains were used to study S. aureus pathogenicity in mouse models. However, it is known that S. aureus is highly host-specific. Recently, a mouse-adapted S. aureus strain, JSNZ, was identified. This strain could be a promising tool in developing more appropriate infection models. JSNZ produces high amounts of a putative extracellular protease, named JSNZ extracellular protease (Jep). Since the jep gene was only detected in S. aureus isolates from laboratory mice and wild small rodents and shrews, we hypothesize that Jep is important for colonization and infection in mice. The jep deletion mutant previously created by our collaborators from the University of Auckland, New Zealand, intriguingly showed a reduced survival and growth fitness in murine serum and whole blood as compared to the JSNZ wild type (WT) strain.
Objective: To elucidate the role of Jep in the interaction between S. aureus and its
host by comparing the impact of JSNZ WT with a mutant and a complement strain on the murine immune system. In addition, the elucidation of possible genetic factors behind host-adaptation of S. aureus strains isolated from wild rodents and shrews.
Methods: A jep complemented strain was generated by chromosomal replacement.
JSNZ WT, the jep mutant and the complement strain were subjected to functional
assays (whole blood survival assay, coagulation assay). In addition, the genetic
background that might confer host specificity was tested by staph array genotyping.
Results: The mutant strain JSNZDjep was successfully complemented with the jep
gene using a chromosomal integration approach. The WT strain and the
complemented strain produced the Jep protein in comparable amounts.
Unexpectedly, the complemented strains did not behave like the WT strain but rather like the mutant in a series of in vitro assays. Firstly, the growth of both the deletion mutant and the complemented strains was slightly reduced in TSB as compared to the WT strain. Secondly, the jep knockout strain showed a strongly reduced survival in murine whole blood compared to its wild type counterpart, but so did the complemented strain. Finally, the coagulation of murine plasma was less pronounced for the jep deletion mutant and the complemented strain as compared to the JSNZ WT. To exclude a defect in jep gene expression, we compared the amount of Jep expressed during growth in TSB medium for the three strains. The complemented strain produced Jep in a manner similar to the WT strain in a growth-phase dependent manner, suggesting that Jep expression was not affected during the creation of the complemented strain.
The array data showed some differences in the genetic makeup between animal
isolated strains and matched human strains. For example, while all animal isolates of the CC88 lacked the resistance mecA gene it was found in some human isolates of the same strain.
Conclusion: In conclusion, our unidentified mutation created during the generation
of the jep knock-out strain rather than the jep gene itself manipulated the murine
immune response. The responsible gene and the underlying mechanisms remain to
be clarified. Genetic profiling of S. aureus strains allowed us to obtain some valuable information including data about CC49, the most frequently isolated lineage in wild rodents and shrews where compared to the human isolates the murine strains showed clear signs of host adaptation. However, the analysis had several limitations including the small sample size.
Recent research suggests that the P3b may be closely related to the activation of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system. To further study the potential association, we applied a novel technique, the non-invasive transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS), which is speculated to increase noradrenaline levels. Using a within-subject cross-over design, 20 healthy participants received continuous tVNS and sham stimulation on two consecutive days (stimulation counterbalanced across participants) while performing a visual oddball task. During stimulation, oval non-targets (standard), normal-head (easy) and rotated-head (difficult) targets, as well as novel stimuli (scenes) were presented. As an indirect marker of noradrenergic activation we also collected salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) before and after stimulation. Results showed larger P3b amplitudes for target, relative to standard stimuli, irrespective of stimulation condition. Exploratory post hoc analyses, however, revealed that, in comparison to standard stimuli, easy (but not difficult) targets produced larger P3b (but not P3a) amplitudes during active tVNS, compared to sham stimulation. For sAA levels, although main analyses did not show differential effects of stimulation, direct testing revealed that tVNS (but not sham stimulation) increased sAA levels after stimulation. Additionally, larger differences between tVNS and sham stimulation in P3b magnitudes for easy targets were associated with larger increase in sAA levels after tVNS, but not after sham stimulation. Despite preliminary evidence for a modulatory influence of tVNS on the P3b, which may be partly mediated by activation of the noradrenergic system, additional research in this field is clearly warranted. Future studies need to clarify whether tVNS also facilitates other processes, such as learning and memory, and whether tVNS can be used as therapeutic tool.
In the present study, we investigated whether inter-individual differences in vagally mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV) would be associated with inter-individual differences in empathy and alexithymia. To this end, we determined resting state HF-HRV in 90 individuals that also completed questionnaires assessing inter-individual differences in empathy and alexithymia. Our categorical and dimensional analyses revealed that inter-individual differences in HF-HRV were differently associated with inter-individual differences in empathy and alexithymia. We found that individuals with high HF-HRV reported more empathy and less alexithymia than individuals with low HF-HRV. Moreover, we even found that an increase in HF-HRV was associated with an increase in empathy and a decrease in alexithymia across all participants. Taken together, these findings indicate that individuals with high HF-HRV are more empathetic and less alexithymic than individuals with low HF-HRV. These differences in empathy and alexithymia may explain why individuals with high HF-HRV are more successful in sharing and understanding the mental and emotional states of others than individuals with low HF-HRV.
Ziel der Studie war die Beantwortung der Fragestellung, ob es im Klinikum Pasewalk aus krankenhaushygienischer Sicht Einwände gegen einen Wechsel der orthopädischen Operationen von einer mit TAV ausgestatteten OP-Einheit in eine mit TVS belüftete OP-Einheit gibt. Zusätzlich sollten Einflussfaktoren auf die partikuläre und mikrobielle Belastung der Raumluft einschließlich der Rolle der RLT-A analysiert werden. Besonderes Interesse galt hierbei dem Messpunkt direkt am OP-Gebiet.
Als Qualitätsparameter der Raumluft wurden bei insgesamt 48 Operationen die Partikelkonzentration an drei Messpunkten und die mikrobielle Belastung der Raumluft an vier Messpunkten während des regulären OP-Betriebs in zwei OP-Einheiten gemessen. Zur Beurteilung der Partikelkonzentration der Raumluft an den 3 Messpunkten wurden Partikel der Größen 0,5 – 4,9µm und >5 µm kumulativ gemessen. Für die Erfassung der mikrobiellen Belastung der Raumluft wurden Sedimentationsplatten an 4 Messpunkten eingesetzt.
Die mikrobielle Belastung war an den Messpunkten am OP-Gebiet, am Instrumententisch und in der Nähe der aseptischen Arbeitsflächen im OP 1 mit TAV signifikant geringer als im OP 2 mit TVS. Zusätzlich wiesen alle Messpunkte eine signifikant geringere partikuläre Belastung (sowohl unterhalb als auch außerhalb der TAV) im OP 1 mit TAV auf.
Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Anzahl der im Hintergrund tätigen Personen die Partikelkonzentration (>5,0 µm) und die mikrobielle Belastung am OP-Gebiet erhöht. Diese Effekte sind nur in OP 2 mit TVS nachweisbar. Zudem konnte ein positiver Zusammenhang zwischen Partikelkonzentration (>5,0 µm) und mikrobieller Belastung festgestellt werden.
Als Fazit kann eine Empfehlung zum Wechsel der OP-Einheiten nicht ausgesprochen werden. Zudem konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine RLT-A mit TAV einen verringernden Einfluss auf die Erregerbelastung und Partikelbelastung am OP-Gebiet haben kann. Sie ist zudem über ihren Schutzbereich in der Lage Auswirkungen von Umgebungseinflüssen auf mikrobielle und partikuläre Belastung am OP-Gebiet signifikant zu verringern.
Zielsetzung: Die antimikrobielle Wirksamkeit von kaltem Atmosphärendruckplasma(CAP), auch als gewebeverträgliches Plasma (TTP) bezeichnet,könnte eine aussichtsreiche Option zur Eradikation von Methicillinempfindlichen ebenso wie von Methicillin-resistenten Staphylococcus aureus-Stämmen sein, die oft chronische Wunden kolonisieren. Bisher wurde der Einfluss von CAP auf die Antibiotikaempfindlichkeit von S. aureus kaum untersucht. Da eine Veränderung der Antibiotikaempfindlichkeit für die Wundbehandlung relevant sein könnte, sollte der Einfluss von CAP auf die Empfindlichkeit verschiedener S. aureus-Stämme gegen unterschiedliche Antibiotika untersucht werden.
Methode: Im Agardiffusionstest wurden Antibiotikatestplättchen mit Cefuroxim, Gentamicin, Oxacillin, Vancomycin, Ciprofloxacin, Co-Trimoxazol, Clindamycin und Erythromycin eingesetzt. Die Teststämme wurden auf Agar ausplattiert und mit CAP exponiert, bevor die Testplättchen aufgelegt wurden. Nach 24 h Bebrütung wurden die Inhibitionszonen gemessen und statistisch auf Unterschiede geprüft.
Ergebnisse: In den meisten Fällen war die Einfluss von CAP auf die Antibiotikaempfindlichkeit zu vernachlässigen. Für zwei Stämme wurde die Empfindlichkeit gegenüber β-Lactam-Antibiotika signifikant herabgesetzt.
Schlussfolgerung: Da CAP die Antibiotikaempfindlichkeit beeinflussen kann, sollten vor beabsichtigter kombinierter lokaler CAP-Behandlung und gleichzeitiger systemischer Antibiotikagabe Interaktionen in vitro untersucht werden, um unerwünschte Kombinationseffekte auszuschließen.
Unstable environments and habitats changing due to climate change force individuals to either respond by genetic adaptation, phenotypic plasticity or by dispersal to suitable environments. Theodoxus fluviatilis (Linneaus, 1758) is a good study organisms when researching phenotypic plasticity and genetic adaptation as it naturally appears in freshwater (FW) as well as brackish water (BW) and thus inhabits a wide range of environmental salinities (0-18‰). It is a euryhaline snail that can be found in shallow waters with stony ground or on Fucus spp. and has formed regional subgroups. The brackish water and the freshwater subgroups are spatially separated and the species cannot be found in areas inbetween, e.g. estuaries.
The species shows great variability in shell patterning and shell size and there is still debate whether the subgroups are distinguishable by these traits or not. The mitochdrial RNA marker cytochrome c subunit I did not show differences between the subgroups indicating that they must be closely related, but salinity tolerance has been observed to be higher in BW snails. This might be caused by the different protein expression patterns and osmolyte accumulation (measured as ninhydrin-positive substances) observed in this species in previous studies. The exact mechanisms regulating protein expression and osmolyte accumulation, however, are not fully understood yet.
Data collected for this thesis shows differences in shell size and suggests a less strict grouping of FW and BW individuals as shell sizes of one FW site are more similar to BW individuals than the other FW ones. A better salinity tolerance towards high salinities and a higher physiological salinity limit of BW snails was confirmed and extended by demonstrating an expanded tolerance range through slow acclimation to challenging salinities in snails from both subgroups. This was achieved by a shift in the slope of their reaction norms that was much more pronounced in BW snails than FW ones. S3 individuals showed a shift similar to that of BW individuals. The data for the salinity tolerance indicates that the underlying mechanism for these tolerances are a combination of phenotypic plasticity and genetic adaptation. Despite an acclimation and shift in the slope of the reaction norms and therefore an increased tolerance towards high salinities (plasticity) FW individuals from two collection sites were not able to cope with salinities as high as BW individuals (local adaptation). The general ability to mobilise free amino acids (FAA) as organic osmolytes was not the reason for this tolerance difference. Individuals from BW and FW sites were capable of accumulating quantities of FAAs equally well. Proline, alanine and urea were the most important components of the accumulated cocktail of organic osmolytes. Even though the total amount of FAAs accumulated under hyperosmotic conditions was the same in both subgroups, there were differences in the metabolic pathways involved in osmolyte accumulation in the foot muscle. The data indicates that the hydrolysis of storage proteins and the synthesis of proline and alanine are the main processes to avoid detrimental body volume shrinkage in T. fluviatilis. While FW individuals seemed to rely on the degradation of proteins and synthesis of alanine, BW individuals depended on newly synthesising proline and alanine and accumulating urea as a side product of transamination. The accumulation of urea is a new finding in aquatic living snails and has not been reported as a mechanism to avoid cell volume shrinkage in these animals.
Differing protein expression patterns were observed under control conditions across all collection sites. 9 spots showed volume changes in BW snails opposite to those of FW snails from collection sites S1 and S2. For 6 of those spots, S3 individuals showed patterns similar to those of BW individuals and for the remaining 3 they showed patterns similar to those of FW animals. The patterns observed when exposing snails to hypo- or hyperosmotic stress were not conclusive in relation to pinpointing individual spots that show the same pattern in all collection sites, but revealed the heterogeneity of protein expression in snails from the different collection sites and in the process of osmoregulation. It also showed the general tendency of protein reduction when snails where under osmotic stress of either kind (hypo- or hyperosmotic), which supports the hypothesis of storage protein degradation.
The investigation of an ANP-receptor showed two variations of the encoding sequence expressed in T. fluviatilis. S3 individuals as well as BW individuals were found to express one type, while FW individuals, with the exception of one sample expressed the other type. This showed that the FW subgroup of T. fluviatilis seems to be more heterogeneous than the BW subgroup, but also raises the question of the dispersal history of this species. The collected data indicates that T. fluviatilis individuals are firstly capable of surviving the acidity of a duck's gizzard and secondly can tolerate acute salinity changes to 16‰ when introduced into a new environment. Hence, if snails from the FW were to be transported to waters with a salinity of up to 16‰ by man, bird, drifting plants or some other means of transport, they would most likely survive and possibly be able to thrive and spread.
Aquaporins (AQPs) facilitate the transepithelial water flow involved in epithelial fluid secretion in numerous tissues; however, their function in the pancreas is less characterized. Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a serious disorder in which specific treatment is still not possible. Accumulating evidence indicate that decreased pancreatic ductal fluid secretion plays an essential role in AP; therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the physiological and pathophysiological role of AQPs in the pancreas. Expression and localization of AQPs were investigated by real-time PCR and immunocytochemistry, whereas osmotic transmembrane water permeability was estimated by the dye dilution technique, in Capan-1 cells. The presence of AQP1 and CFTR in the mice and human pancreas were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Pancreatic ductal HCO3- and fluid secretion were studied on pancreatic ducts isolated from wild-type (WT) and AQP1 knock out (KO) mice using microfluorometry and videomicroscopy, respectively. In vivo pancreatic fluid secretion was estimated by magnetic resonance imaging. AP was induced by intraperitoneal injection of cerulein and disease severity was assessed by measuring biochemical and histological parameters. In the mice, the presence of AQP1 was detected throughout the whole plasma membrane of the ductal cells and its expression highly depends on the presence of CFTR Cl- channel. In contrast, the expression of AQP1 is mainly localized to the apical membrane of ductal cells in the human pancreas. Bile acid treatment dose- and time-dependently decreased mRNA and protein expression of AQP1 and reduced expression of this channel was also demonstrated in patients suffering from acute and chronic pancreatitis. HCO3- and fluid secretion significantly decreased in AQP1 KO versus WT mice and the absence of AQP1 also worsened the severity of pancreatitis. Our results suggest that AQP1 plays an essential role in pancreatic ductal fluid and HCO3- secretion and decreased expression of the channel alters fluid secretion which probably contribute to increased susceptibility of the pancreas to inflammation.
Ductal Mucus Obstruction and Reduced Fluid Secretion Are Early Defects in Chronic Pancreatitis
(2018)
Objective: Defective mucus production in the pancreas may be an important factor in the initiation and progression of chronic pancreatitis (CP), therefore we aimed to (i) investigate the qualitative and quantitative changes of mucus both in human CP and in an experimental pancreatitis model and (ii) to correlate the mucus phenotype with epithelial ion transport function.
Design: Utilizing human tissue samples and a murine model of cerulein induced CP we measured pancreatic ductal mucus content by morphometric analysis and the relative expression of different mucins in health and disease. Pancreatic fluid secretion in CP model was measured in vivo by magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and in vitro on cultured pancreatic ducts. Time-changes of ductal secretory function were correlated to those of the mucin production.
Results: We demonstrate increased mucus content in the small pancreatic ducts in CP. Secretory mucins MUC6 and MUC5B were upregulated in human, Muc6 in mouse CP. In vivo and in vitro fluid secretion was decreased in cerulein-induced CP. Analysis of time-course changes showed that impaired ductal ion transport is paralleled by increased Muc6 expression.
Conclusion: Mucus accumulation in the small ducts is a combined effect of mucus hypersecretion and epithelial fluid secretion defect, which may lead to ductal obstruction. These results suggest that imbalance of mucus homeostasis may have an important role in the early-phase development of CP, which may have novel diagnostic and therapeutic implications.