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The effect of interdental cleaning on progression of caries, periodontitis and tooth loss is a highly discussed topic in dental research since these conditions are among the most common infectious diseases of mankind. Caries is a multifactorial disease defined by a demineralization process of the dental hard tissue, caused by bacteria, which, if untreated ultimately results in tooth decay and tooth loss. A study published in 2015 confirmed that untreated caries in permanent teeth is still the most prevalent condition worldwide. Gingivitis, an acute inflammation of the gingival tissue, caused by substances deduced from the microbial plaque can develop into the clinical picture of an acute periodontitis. Severe periodontitis is still the sixth-most prevalent condition globally with a prevalence of 11.2% between 1990-2010. Progression of periodontitis leads to bone loss which as well ultimately results in tooth loss, if left untreated. In our study we want to examine the use of IDA in relation to caries and periodontal diseases, thus tooth retention to gain more detailed and long-term results about the effect of IDA and therefore prevent, counteract and understand these oral diseases better.
Using data from SHIP-TREND, a population-based observational cohort study conducted in Western Pomerania (Germany), we examined effects of daily usage of interdental cleaning aids on follow-up (SHIP-TREND-1) values of oral outcomes comprising caries (DFS, interdental DFS, non-interdental-DFS), gingivitis (plaque, BOP), chronic periodontitis (mean PD, mean interdental PD, mean non-interdental PD, mean CAL, mean interdental CAL, mean non-interdental CAL, CDC/APP case definition) and tooth loss (number of missing teeth) using comprehensively adjusted linear and ordinal logistic regression models. In total, data from over 2,000 participants with a follow-up time of approximately seven years were utilized. Based on interviews, participants were asked about their habit and the regularity of using interdental aids as a cleaning aid at home. Furthermore, the type of IDA was then analyzed and differentiated into groups of IDA non-users, wooden stick users, floss users and interdental brush users.
Regular interdental aids usage was associated with reduced levels of periodontitis severity (mean PD and mean CAL) and gingivitis variables (plaque and BOP). The beneficial effect was more pronounced in participants using dental floss or interdental brushes regularly. After seven years of follow-up, odds of having higher mean PD levels were halved (Odds Ratio 0.49; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.35;0.66) comparing dental floss users with non-users. Respective ORs were 0.61 (95%CI 0.45;0.83) for mean CAL, 0.52 (95%CI 0.36;0.77) for BOP and 0.36 (95%CI 0.24;0.54) for plaque. Similarly, ORs for interdental brush users were 0.75 (95%CI 0.55;1.02) for mean PD, 0.64 (95%CI 0.41;0.97) for BOP and 0.55 (95%CI 0.39;0.77) for plaque, compared to non-users. For wooden sticks non-significant associations were found, which does not allow any statement to be made regarding possible effects on oral health. Caries variables (DF-S) and the number of missing teeth were non-significantly associated with interdental aids usage.
In conclusion, results suggest that interdental cleaning aids usage may contribute to healthier gums and reduced inflammation, if combined with daily toothbrushing and regular dental checkups. Specifically, dental flossing and interdental brushing might notably reduce gingival inflammation and therefore prevent chronic periodontitis. These findings contribute to a more distinct picture of how IDA might help to prevent oral diseases and must be properly integrated into our daily oral hygiene program.
To assess whether the treatment of children with oral midazolam and pediatric hypnosis techniques can improve the compliance in consecutive sessions, a retrospective longitudinal practice-based observational study was designed and carried out. A total of 311 children between 3 and 12 years of age were treated under hypnosis and sedation with midazolam (0.40 mg/kg body weight). Treatments were performed in one to a maximum of three sessions. A total of 183 children received one, 103 received two and 25 children received three treatment sessions. The behavior of the children during the sessions was examined by means of the Venham score. The self-evaluation of the children was based on the Wong–Baker Scale. Child behavior using midazolam and hypnosis techniques showed little difference and good compliance between the sessions. Venham scores did not increase significantly regarding total treatment from the first (0.99 ± 1.41) to the second (1.17 ± 1.39) and to the third session (1.27 ± 1.20) (p > 0.05). However, considering the highest Venham scores that occurred in each case, the behavior of the children worsened significantly (p < 0.01) during the three treatment sessions, from 1.37 ± 1.31 (first) to 1.87 ± 1.74 (second) to 2.32 ± 1.33 (third). In 6.11% of the children, treatment was discontinued in the first session (n = 19), 0.96% in the second (n = 3) and 0% in the third. Treatment with low-dose midazolam, combined with hypnosis techniques, showed to be an effective option for dental treatment in children. Within the limitations of the current study, and with consideration of highest possible compliance, no more than two treatment sessions for pediatric dental treatment should be performed.
Background
Peri-implantitis therapy is a major problem in implantology. Because of challenging rough implant surface and implant geometry, microorganisms can hide and survive in implant microstructures and impede debridement. We developed a new water jet (WJ) device and a new cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAP) device to overcome these problems and investigated aspects of efficacy in vitro and safety with the aim to create the prerequisites for a clinical pilot study with these medical devices.
Methods
We compared the efficiency of a single treatment with a WJ or curette and cotton swab (CC) without or with adjunctive use of CAP (WJ + CAP, CC + CAP) to remove biofilm in vitro from rough titanium discs. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by measuring turbidity up to 72 h for bacterial re-growth or spreading of osteoblast-like cells (MG-63) after 5 days with scanning electron microscopy. With respect to application safety, the WJ and CAP instruments were examined according to basic regulations for medical devices.
Results
After 96 h of incubation all WJ and CC treated disks were turbid but 67% of WJ + CAP and 46% CC + CAP treated specimens were still clear. The increase in turbidity after WJ treatment was delayed by about 20 h compared to CC treatment. In combination with CAP the cell coverage significantly increased to 82% (WJ + CAP) or 72% (CC + CAP), compared to single treatment 11% (WJ) or 10% (CC).
Conclusion
The newly developed water jet device effectively removes biofilm from rough titanium surfaces in vitro and, in combination with the new CAP device, biologically acceptable surfaces allow osteoblasts to grow. WJ in combination with CAP leads to cleaner surfaces than the usage of curette and cotton swabs with or without subsequent plasma treatment. Our next step will be a clinical pilot study with these new devices to assess the clinical healing process.
Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease. The aim of this explorative study was to investigate the role of Interleukin-(IL)-1, IL-4, GATA-3 and Cyclooxygenase-(COX)-2 polymorphisms after non-surgical periodontal therapy with adjunctive systemic antibiotics (amoxicillin/metronidazole) and subsequent maintenance in a Caucasian population. Analyses were performed using blood samples from periodontitis patients of a multi-center trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00707369=ABPARO-study). Polymorphisms were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR. Clinical attachment levels (CAL), percentage of sites showing further attachment loss (PSAL) ≥1.3 mm, bleeding on probing (BOP) and plaque score were assessed. Exploratory statistical analysis was performed. A total of 209 samples were genotyped. Patients carrying heterozygous genotypes and single-nucleotide-polymorphisms (SNP) on the GATA-3-IVS4 +1468 gene locus showed less CAL loss than patients carrying wild type. Heterozygous genotypes and SNPs on the IL-1A-889, IL-1B +3954, IL-4-34, IL-4-590, GATA-3-IVS4 +1468 and COX-2-1195 gene loci did not influence CAL. In multivariate analysis, CAL was lower in patients carrying GATA-3 heterozygous genotypes and SNPs than those carrying wild-types. For the first time, effects of different genotypes were analyzed in periodontitis progression after periodontal therapy and during supportive treatment using systemic antibiotics demonstrating a slight association of GATA-3 gene locus with CAL. This result suggests that GATA-3 genotypes are a contributory but non-essential risk factor for periodontal disease progression.
Background: COVID-19 lead to the adoption of containment measures including temporary closure of dental clinics. Despite the risk of infection transmission, dental emergencies have not ceased during this pandemic and had to be managed also in the lockdown period.
Aim: To analyze the profiles and offered management options of pediatric patients presenting with dental emergencies during a COVID-19 lockdown.
Design: Retrospective analysis of patient records of children seeking emergency dental treatment during a 7-week lockdown period in 2020 in a university pedodontics clinic in Germany, compared to a similar cohort from 2019. Data on patient level, tooth level, and session level were collected. An analysis of the digital records after 6 months follow-up was performed for the patients who received Non-Aerosol Generating Procedures (NAGP) as management for dental emergency in the lockdown period in 2020.
Results: The 2020 cohort consisted of 83 patients, while the 2019 cohort included 46 patients showing 45% higher necessity for emergency treatment in 2020. Most common chief complaint was oral mucosal conditions in 2020 (26.4%), and irreversible pulpitis in 2019 (25.5%). Dental caries (without spontaneous pain) was the second most chief complaint in both cohorts (20.7% and 23.4% respectively). Most interventions in 2020 were Minimally Invasive Treatments such as the hall technique and silver diammine fluoride (20.3%), which were in 2019 not considered, followed by pharmacological treatment (16.9%), which were in 2019 also highly used (35.9%). The 6 months follow up for the NAGP revealed benefit in management of the acute dental problem, by either direct treatment or by postponing the treatment need to a later time period.
Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic led to increase in emergency pediatric dental visits and shifted treatment options towards less invasive procedures.
In challenging situations, where aerosols increase the risk of infection transmission, NAPD are a viable option in the management of dental emergencies, especially in pediatric dentistry.
Objective
To evaluate the efficacy of tooth splinting (TS) and occlusal adjustment (OA) compared to no TS or OA in patients with periodontitis exhibiting masticatory dysfunction.
Material
The primary outcome criterion was tooth loss (TL), and the secondary outcome parameters were change in probing pocket depth (PPD), change in clinical attachment level (CAL), tooth mobility (TM), and patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs). Literature search was performed on three electronic databases (from 01/1965 to 04/2021) and focused on clinical studies with at least 12 months follow‐up.
Results
From a total of 1515 publications, 51 articles were identified for full‐text reading, of which 2 retrospective case series on TS with low risk of bias and 1 randomized and 2 prospective studies on OA with unclear risk of bias were included. For TS, synthesis of data showed that in 72 patients, 26 out of 311 teeth (weighted mean incidence of TL 8.4%) and 156 out of 1541 teeth with no TS (weighted mean incidence of TL 10.1%) were lost over 2 years following non‐surgical periodontal therapy. The randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT) indicated CAL gain for teeth with OA compared to no OA. For the effect of OA on TL, PPD, and TM, heterogeneous data were retrieved from the included studies.
Conclusions
Within the limitations of this review and based on a low level of evidence, it is concluded that TS does not improve survival of mobile teeth in patients with advanced periodontitis. OA on teeth with mobility and/or premature contacts may lead to improved CAL, while the effect of OA on the remaining periodontal parameters remains unclear.
The long-term effectiveness of powered toothbrushes (PTBs) and interdental cleaning aids (IDAs) on a population level is unproven. We evaluated to what extent changes in PTB and IDA use may explain changes in periodontitis, caries, and tooth loss over the course of 17 y using data for adults (35 to 44 y) and seniors (65 to 74 y) from 3 independent cross-sectional surveys of the German Oral Health Studies (DMS). Oaxaca decomposition analyses assessed to what extent changes in mean probing depth (PD), number of caries-free surfaces, and number of teeth between 1) DMS III and DMS V and 2) DMS IV and DMS V could be explained by changes in PTB and IDA use. Between DMS III and V, PTB (adults: 33.5%; seniors: 28.5%) and IDA use (adults: 32.5%; seniors: 41.4%) increased along with an increase in mean PD, number of caries-free surfaces, and number of teeth. Among adults, IDA use contributed toward increased number of teeth between DMS III and V as well as DMS IV and V. In general, the estimates for adults were of lower magnitude. Among seniors between DMS III and V, PTB and IDA use explained a significant amount of explained change in the number of caries-free surfaces (1.72 and 5.80 out of 8.44, respectively) and the number of teeth (0.49 and 1.25 out of 2.19, respectively). Between DMS IV and V, PTB and IDA use contributed most of the explained change in caries-free surfaces (0.85 and 1.61 out of 2.72, respectively) and the number of teeth (0.25 and 0.46 out of 0.94, respectively) among seniors. In contrast to reported results from short-term clinical studies, in the long run, both PTB and IDA use contributed to increased number of caries-free healthy surfaces and teeth in both adults and seniors.
The Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP), a population-based study from a rural state in northeastern Germany with a relatively poor life expectancy, supplemented its comprehensive examination program in 2008 with whole-body MR imaging at 1.5 T (SHIP-MR). We reviewed more than 100 publications that used the SHIP-MR data and analyzed which sequences already produced fruitful scientific outputs and which manuscripts have been referenced frequently. Upon reviewing the publications about imaging sequences, those that used T1-weighted structured imaging of the brain and a gradient-echo sequence for R2* mapping obtained the highest scientific output; regarding specific body parts examined, most scientific publications focused on MR sequences involving the brain and the (upper) abdomen. We conclude that population-based MR imaging in cohort studies should define more precise goals when allocating imaging time. In addition, quality control measures might include recording the number and impact of published work, preferably on a bi-annual basis and starting 2 years after initiation of the study. Structured teaching courses may enhance the desired output in areas that appear underrepresented.
Objectives: Clear guidelines on when to remove an implant are missing. This study aimed to evaluate the amount of peri-implant bone loss at explantation by specialists.
Material and Methods: Implantology specialists were asked to provide implants explanted due to peri-implantitis with related clinical information. Questionnaires inquired age, sex, smoking habit, implant location, usage of bone substitutes, and implant brand. Early failures (survival time <12 months) were analysed separately. Explants were measured and bone loss and type of bone loss were assessed using radiographs. Bivariate analysis was used for the type of bone loss, and covariate-adjusted mixed-effects models were evaluated for the amount of bone loss and survival time.
Results: Twelve dental offices provided 192 explants from 161 patients with 99 related radiographs. Most implants were affected by vertical bone loss (51.1%), followed by combined horizontal and vertical bone loss (22.3%), peri-implant gap (11.7%), horizontal bone loss (10.6%), and only a few by apical inflammation (4.3%). Thirty-three (17.2%) explants were early failures. Type of bone loss was significantly associated with survival time and implant brand. Implant brand also showed a significant correlation with early/late implant failure. Excluding early failures, combined horizontal and vertical bone loss was additionally significantly associated with smoking, and the location when grouped to incisor, canine, premolar, and molar showed a significant association with the type of bone loss. Further, the average survival time was 9.5 ± 5.8 years with absolute and relative bone loss of 7.0 ± 2.7 mm and 66.2 ± 23.7%, respectively. Late failures were removed at a mean bone loss of 50.0% with 5.44 mm residual alveolar bone in the posterior maxilla and 73.8% with 2.89 mm residual alveolar bone in other locations. In fully adjusted mixed-effects models, only the age at implantation (B=-0.19; 95% CI: -0.27 to -0.10) remained a significant factor for survival time. Implants exhibited significantly more relative bone loss if they were positioned in the mandible (B=17.3; 95% CI: 3.91 to 30.72) or if they were shorter (B=-2.79; 95% CI: -5.50 to -0.08).
Conclusions: Though the mean bone loss (66.2%) at which implants were explanted was in accordance with the literature, its wide variation and differentiation between the posterior maxilla and other locations showed that the profession has no universally accepted threshold beyond which an implant cannot be preserved.
In the two present prospective cohort studies we conducted on population-based sample from the North-eastern adult Germans, the following main results were obtained. First, CP had a moderate effect on CVD and all-cause mortality [93]. In further analyses, we investigated the association of CP and mortality considering DM as a mediator in the CP-Mortality association. We did not, however, come up with enough evidence supporting this hypothesis. Furthermore, no substantial evidence was found on our hypothesis suggesting a joint effect of CP and DM on mortality [93]. Second, we studied the causal effect of CP on diabetes incidence or long-term change of Hba1c level using 11-years of follow-up data from SHIP. However, our data did not indicate any independent effect of CP on the incidence of diabetes mellitus after comprehensive confounder adjustment using DAGs. Models that consider baseline periodontal status effect on long term change of Hba1c revealed similar non-significant results [94].