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Poor sleep quality or sleep deprivation may be related to decreased bone mineral density. We aimed to assess whether associations of sleep characteristics and bone turnover or strength are present in adults from the general population and whether these are independent of common risk factors such as sex, age, and obesity. A total of 1037 participants from the Study of Health in Pomerania-TREND underwent laboratory-based polysomnography and quantitative ultrasound measurements at the heel. Of these participants, 804 completed standardised questionnaires to assess daytime sleepiness, insomnia, and sleep quality. Serum concentrations of two bone turnover markers, intact amino-terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen (P1NP) and carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX) were measured. Cross-sectional associations of polysomnography variables (total sleep time, sleep efficiency, time spent wake after sleep onset, oxygen desaturation index, apnea–hypopnea index, and obstructive sleep apnea [OSA]), as well as sleep questionnaire scores with the bone turnover markers and the ultrasound-based stiffness index were assessed in linear regression models. In adjusted models, higher insomnia scores and lower sleep quality scores were related to a higher bone turnover in women but not in men. However, associations between polysomnography variables or questionnaire scores and the stiffness index were absent. Our study provides limited evidence for relationships between sleep characteristics and bone turnover and strength independent of common risk factors for OSA and osteoporosis. Nevertheless, women reporting poor sleep or insomnia in combination with risk factors for osteoporosis might benefit from an evaluation of bone health.
Objective: Menopause is associated with multiple health risks. In several studies, a higher incidence or a higher risk for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in post-menopausal than pre-menopausal women is reported. This study was designed to verify such a connection between menopause and OSA in a population-based sample.
Methods: For a subsample (N = 1209) of the Study of Health in Pomerania (N = 4420), complete polysomnography data was available. Of these, 559 females completed a structured interview about their menstrual cycle. Splines and ordinal regression analysis were used to analyze the resulting data.
Results: In the ordinal regression analysis, a significant association between the apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) and menopause indicated that post-menopausal women had a substantially higher risk of OSA. In accordance with previous studies, risk indicators such as body mass index (BMI), age, and the influence of hysterectomies or total oophorectomies were included in the model.
Conclusions: Our results clearly confirmed the assumed connection between menopause and OSA. This is important because OSA is most often associated with male patients, and it warrants further research into the underlying mechanisms.
Obstructive sleep apnea is known to be an overall public health problem that, among other things, increases morbidity and mortality. Risk factors as well as symptoms of this multidimensional sleep-related breathing disorder negatively affect quality of life. With our study we aimed to expose the association between obstructive sleep apnea and quality of life in the population of Pomerania, Germany. We utilized data from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP). Information on health status and risk factors about 4420 participants (2275 women) were gathered within the cohort SHIP-TREND, of which 1209 (559 women) underwent an overnight polysomnography and completed sleep questionnaires. The quality of life of the participants was measured using the Short-Form 12 questionnaire. For our study, an ordinal regression analysis with age, sex, body mass index and the Short-Form 12 health survey as predictors for apnea–hypopnea index was computed. The potential factors affecting quality of life are different between physical and mental dimensions of quality of life. Significant effects were found regarding age, sex, body mass index and the Short-Form 12 Mental Component Score, but not the Physical Component Score.
Purpose
Socioeconomic factors are known to modulate health. Concerning sleep apnea, influences of income, education, work, and living in a partnership are established. However, results differ between national and ethnic groups. Results also differ between various clinical studies and population-based approaches. The goal of our study was to determine if such factors can be verified in the population of Pomerania, Germany.
Methods
A subgroup from the participants of the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania volunteered for an overnight polysomnography. Their data were subjected to an ordinal regressions analysis with age, sex, body mass index (BMI), income, education, work, and life partner as predictors for the apnea–hypopnea index.
Results
Among the subgroup (N = 1209) from the population-based study (N = 4420), significant effects were found for age, sex, and BMI. There were no significant effects for any of the socioeconomic factors.
Conclusion
Significant effects for well-established factors as age, sex, and BMI show that our study design has sufficient power to verify meaningful associations with sleep apnea. The lack of significant effects for the socioeconomic factors suggests their clinical irrelevance in the tested population.
The establishment of a guideline for long-term noninvasive ventilation treatment (LTH-NIV) of acute hypercapnic exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) requiring acute ventilation has proven elusive. Most studies thus far have shown no mortality benefit of long-term noninvasive ventilation treatment. Using retrospective analysis of the data of our patients (n = 143) recruited from 2012 to 2019, we aimed to compare patients discharged with and without long-term noninvasive ventilation. The follow-up results showed no significant difference (p = 0.233) between the groups [LTH-NIV (n = 83); non-NIV (n = 60)] regarding readmission due to clinical worsening. However, the first- and second-year survival rates were 82% and 72%, respectively, in the LTH-NIV group and significantly different (p = 0.023) from 67 and 55% in the non-NIV group. The statistical models showed a significant mortality risk for the non-NIV group, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.82 (1.31; 6.03). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the mortality benefit of long-term NIV therapy for patients with AECOPD under real-world conditions.
Studies comparing thermodilution (TD) and the direct Fick method (dFM) for cardiac output (CO) measurement are rare. We compared CO measurements between TD (2–5 cold water injections), the dFM, and indirect Fick method (iFM) at rest and during exercise, and assessed the effect of averaging different numbers of TD measurements during exercise. This retrospective study included 300 patients (52.3% women, mean age 66 ± 11 years) having pulmonary hypertension (76.0%) or unexplained dyspnea. Invasive hemodynamic and gas exchange parameters were measured at rest (supine; n = 300) and during unloaded cycling (semi-supine; n = 275) and 25-W exercise (semi-supine; n = 240). All three methods showed significant differences in CO measurement (ΔCO) at rest (p ≤ 0.001; ΔCO > 1 L/min: 45.0% [iFM vs. dFM], 42.0% [iFM vs. TD], and 45.7% [TD vs. dFM]). ΔCO (TD vs. dFM) was significant during unloaded cycling (p < 0.001; ΔCO > 1 L/min: 56.6%) but not during 25-W exercise (p = 0.137; ΔCO > 1 L/min: 52.8%). ΔCO (TD vs. dFM) during 25-W exercise was significant when using one or two (p ≤ 0.01) but not three (p = 0.06) TD measurements. Mean ΔCO (TD [≥3 measurements] vs. dFM) was −0.43 ± 1.98 and −0.06 ± 2.29 L/min during unloaded and 25-W exercise, respectively. Thus, TD and dFM CO measurements are comparable during 25-W exercise (averaging ≥3 TD measurements), but not during unloaded cycling or at rest. Individual ΔCOs vary substantially and require critical interpretation to avoid CO misclassification.
Background: Invasive cardiopulmonary exercise testing (iCPET) is an integral part in the advanced diagnostic workup of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Our study evaluated the relation between hemodynamic and respiratory parameters at two different resting conditions and two defined low exercise levels with a close synchronization of measurements in a broad variety of dyspnea patients. Subjects and methods: We included 146 patients (median age 69 years, range 22 to 85 years, n = 72 female) with dyspnea of uncertain origin. Invasive hemodynamic and gas exchange parameters were measured at rest, 45° upright position, unloaded cycling, 25 and 50 W exercise. All measurements were performed in a single RHC procedure. Results: Oxygen uptake (VO2/body mass) correlated significantly with cardiac index (all p ≤ 0.002) at every resting and exercise level and with every method of cardiac output measurement (thermodilution, method of Fick). Mean pulmonary arterial pressure (PAPmean) correlated with all respiratory parameters (respiratory rate, partial end-tidal pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide [petCO2 and petO2], ventilation/carbon dioxide resp. oxygen ratio [VE/VCO2, VE/VO2], and minute ventilation [VE], all p < 0.05). These correlations improved with increasing exercise levels from rest via unloaded cycling to 25 W. There was no correlation with right atrial or pulmonary arterial wedge pressure. Summary: In dyspnea patients of different etiologies, the cardiac index is closely linked to VO2 at every level of rest and submaximal exercise. PAPmean is the only pressure that correlates with different respiratory parameters, but this correlation is highly significant and stable at rest, unloaded cycling and at 25 W.
Mit der vorliegenden epidemiologischen Untersuchung anhand der Akten aus dem Ermittlungsverfahren zum „Holzschutzmittel-Prozess“ wurde versucht, einen systematischen Zusammenhang zwischen der niedrigschwelligen chronischen Holzschutzmittel (HSM)-Exposition in Innenräumen und dem Auftreten von ausgewählten subjektiven Beschwerden, Symptomen und Erkrankungen wissenschaftlich nachzuweisen. Die umfassenden, alters- und geschlechtsbezogenen Analysen einer Prozesskohorte bestehend aus 179 Haushalten mit insgesamt 602 Personen lassen Beziehungen zwischen einer Exposition gegenüber den gesundheitsgefährdenden Stoffen PCP und Lindan in HSM und gesundheitlichen Beeinträchtigungen erkennen, erfordern aber gleichzeitig eine Diskussion möglicher Limitationen. Die im Hauptstaatsarchiv des Landes Hessen gelagerten Prozessakten mit (1) den Selbstausfüller-Fragebögen und (2) einer systematischen Erhebung sämtlicher Laborwerte (Konzentrationen von PCP und Lindan in Blut- und Urinproben sowie in Holz-, Raumluft- und Staubproben aus den betroffenen Haushalten) bildeten die Datengrundlage. Allerdings limitierten das Design und die Verwendung von zwei unterschiedlichen Selbstausfüller-Fragebögen im Verlauf der staatsanwaltschaftlichen Ermittlungen die durchgeführten Analysen. Pro Person wurden bis zu 62 Gesundheitsbeschwerden und Krankheitssymptome genannt, die im zeitlichen Zusammenhang mit HSM-Anwendungen bei den Mitgliedern der betroffenen Haushalte aufgetreten waren. Die fünf häufigsten Beschwerdenennungen unterscheiden sich bei Männern und Frauen nur in der Rangfolge und entstammen mehrheitlich – mit Ausnahme der Infektanfälligkeit und Schlafstörung – dem neurologischen Bereich: Kopfschmerzen, Konzentrationsstörungen und Mattigkeit. Für Kinder (< 14 Jahre) innerhalb der Kohorte wurden zahlenmäßig weniger Gesundheitsbeschwerden berichtet als für Jugendliche/Erwachsene (≥ 14 Jahre). Die Beschwerdenennungen unterscheiden sich außerdem deutlich im Spektrum. Bei Kindern sind die internistischen/immunologischen Beschwerden z.B. Infektanfälligkeit und Durchfall am häufigsten. Zwischen der Gesamtanzahl der Beschwerden pro Person und der verstrichenen HSM-Menge bzw. Größe der behandelten Fläche wurden numerisch geringe, jedoch statistisch signifikante positive Korrelationen ermittelt. Diese Hinweise auf einen möglichen Zusammenhang wurden sowohl für die gesamte Kohorte als auch für die Untergruppe der Selbstanwender beobachtet. In Bezug auf einzelne Beschwerden wiesen logistische Regressionsanalysen bei Männern einen signifikanten Zusammenhang zwischen der HSM-Menge bzw. dem Verhältnis HSM-Menge/Anstrichfläche und dem Auftreten von Bindehautentzündungen, Haarausfall oder Konzentrationsstörungen nach. In der Gruppe der Frauen zeigten sich positive Assoziationen zum Auftreten von Kopfschmerzen oder Schlafstörungen. Trotz der erhöhten HSM-Exposition der Betroffenen wiesen Mortalitätsanalysen für die untersuchte Kohorte eine deutlich und statistisch signifikant erniedrigte standardisierte Mortalitätsratio [SMR 0,51 (95 %-KI: 0,39-0,67)] auf. Diese Ergebnisse konnten durch Cox Regressionsmodelle bestätigt werden. Anhand der Altersverteilung, der Angaben zur Lebensweise und der berichteten Berufe lässt sich abschätzen, dass die betroffenen Personen nicht als repräsentativ für die Allgemeinbevölkerung angesehen werden können. So umfasst die Kohorte vergleichsweise weniger Raucher und Übergewichtige. Auch ist ein geringerer Alkoholkonsum zu verzeichnen. Zusammen mit dem Fakt, dass die Kohorte hauptsächlich aus Personen der mittleren bzw. höheren sozialen Schicht besteht, könnte der beobachtete gesündere Lebensstil eine Ursache für die niedrigere Mortalitätsrate darstellen. Eine hohe Selbstselektierung der Kohortenmitglieder, die sich aufgrund eigener Initiative als Zeugen gemeldet hatten, schließt eine unkritische Verallgemeinerung der erzielten Studienergebnisse auf die Allgemeinbevölkerung aus. Die Analyse der Prozessakten, der Verfahrensweisen bei der Datenerhebung durch die Staatsanwaltschaft, der Dokumentation und des Datenbestandes im Kontext des HSM-Prozesses ermöglichen es jedoch, Limitationen aufzuzeigen und methodische Schwierigkeiten bei der wissenschaftlichen Aufarbeitung der HSM-Problematik zu identifizieren. Hieraus können Empfehlungen für ein zukünftiges Vorgehen bei der Untersuchung ähnlicher toxikologischer Risiken abgeleitet werden.