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Heart Failure is currently the most common cardiac disorder and a major public health concern worldwide. The adult mammalian heart harbors a subpopulation of cardiac progenitor cells (CPC) that are capable of improving cardiac function. The scope of this study was to delineate the molecular phenotype of a subpopulation of CPCs characterized by the expression of the stem cells antigen-1 surface marker (Sca-1+) and to further identify molecular alterations occurring under heart failure conditions. In order to understand the underlying cellular mechanisms an integrated approach of proteomics and transcriptomics-based techniques were employed. The first step towards achieving this goal was to unravel the native Sca-1+ cell characteristics of freshly isolated progenitor cells derived from healthy adult murine hearts. The proteome map of Sca-1 cells was established using a gel-based mass-spectrometry (gel LC-MS/MS) approach. For better interpretation, a comparison with the protein profiles of cardiomyocytes and Sca-1- cells obtained under similar experimental conditions was performed. All three cell-types were morphologically different in size and structure, which was also evident from their protein expression profiles. We observed that Sca-1+ cells lack endothelial-like and cardiac contractile phenotypes, unlike Sca-1- cells and cardiomyocytes, respectively. Functional assessment of both protein and gene expression profiles revealed a possible role of Sca-1+ cells in cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation. CPC remain in a dormant state under physiological condition unless challenged by myocardial injury. Previous studies revealed that resident Sca-1+ cells home to the injured myocardium but not to the healthy heart and further differentiate into functional cardiomyocytes. We investigated the molecular background of this behavior of adult Sca-1+ cells under heart failure condition which might provide a better insight into their cardiogenic potential in a pathological milieu. The double transgenic α-myosin heavy chain (MHC)-cyclin T1/Gαq overexpressing mouse was chosen as a model for heart failure. Using the comparative gene expression profiling we could detect the differential regulation of 197 genes with at least a 2-fold difference. Among these BDNF mRNA levels were 5-fold higher in the Sca-1+ cells derived from transgenic mice (Cyc+) in comparison to that of wild-type controls (Wt+). This difference was also observed at protein level. The substantially higher expression of BDNF during heart failure prompted us to investigate its regulatory effect on Sca1+ cells. In this current study we were able to show that small amounts of exogenous BDNF stimulated the migratory potential of Cyc+ cells. This effect was not seen in treated Wt+ cells. Furthermore, pulsed SILAC was employed to monitor BDNF mediated changes following treatment. After BDNF treatment, 58 proteins were differentially regulated of which proteins related to cell proliferation were reduced in level in Cyc+ cells while they displayed increased levels in Wt+ cells. Findings from bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) assays and immunoblotting indicated that BDNF might initiate a differentiation program by repressing cell proliferation in Cyc+ cells. Taken together, it could be shown that the BDNF effect on protein synthesis of Cyc+ and Wt+ cells varied considerably, suggesting an improvement of the cardiogenic potential of Sca-1+ cells under pathological conditions. Aldosterone levels are known to be elevated during heart failure. In this part of study it was hypothesized that endocrine factors associated with heart failure might influence the migration of CPC, thereby possibly restoring the cardiac function of diseased hearts. It could be shown that high concentrations of aldosterone, similar to those found in the plasma of heart failure patients, induced the migration of Sca-1+ cells by up to 60% when compared to control, while physiological levels had no significant influence. In addition, it could be demonstrated that the aldosterone stimulus led to the activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) expressed on Sca1+ cells, which in turn facilitated migration. This was supported by application of MR antagonist eplerenone, which significantly reduced the aldosterone-induced increase in cell migration while a glucocorticoid antagonist exhibited no inhibitory effect. Hence, the results support the potential role of aldosterone in the mobilization of CPC. It is currently believed that the beneficial effects of cell-based therapies on cardiac repair are imparted to a large degree via paracrine mechanisms. We therefore focused on understanding the influence of pathophysiological levels of aldosterone on the extracellular environment of Sca-1+ cells. MS-based secretome profiling of cells treated for 24h with aldosterone treatment revealed higher levels of proteins associated with extracellular matrix remodeling and IGF signaling. Additionally, galectin-1 and gelsolin were significantly increased in level under pathological conditions indicating a possible paracrine tissue repair of Sca-1+ cells. To conclude, the global proteome and transcriptome profiles generated here revealed the molecular phenotype of Sca-1+ cells which may be used for future reference. The comparative microarray study provided deeper insight into the endogenous changes in mRNA expression during heart failure and delineated the cardiogenic characteristics of Sca-1+ cells. Moreover, the data presented here shed new light on the potential role of BDNF in regulating the mobilization and proliferation of CPCs. Our study on the influence of aldosterone on the migration and the extracellular proteome of CPCs provided new insights on the beneficial effects of this mineralocorticoid on cardiac cells.
Der Wachstumsfaktor BDNF ist nicht allein neuronenspezifisch. Bisherige Studien zeigten einen starken Zusammenhang der BDNF-Konzentration mit körperlicher Aktivität sowie den Nachweis einer BDNF-Sekretion durch kontrahierende Skelettmuskelzellen.
Weiterführend untersuchten nur wenige Studien den möglichen Zusammenhang zwischen der BDNF-Konzentration und der kardiorespiratorischen Fitness. Hier zeigten sich in den bisherigen Studien heterogene Ergebnisse, sodass der Zusammenhang zwischen BDNF und der kardiorespiratorischen Fitness weitestgehend ungeklärt ist.
In unserer Analyse aus der Allgemeinbevölkerung (n = 1.607, 51 % weiblich) konnte in geschlechtsstratifizierten Regressionsmodellen gezeigt werden, dass nur bei Frauen eine erhöhte BDNF-Konzentration mit erhöhter VO2peak, VO2@AT sowie VO2peak/kg assoziiert sind. Eine mögliche Erklärung bisheriger heterogener Ergebnisse beruht auf unterschiedlichen Studienpopulationen mit auffällig geringem bis fehlendem Frauenanteil in bisherigen Studien, individueller Korrektur von Störfaktoren sowie individueller Erfassung der körperlichen Aktivität und kardiorespiratorischer Fitness. Zur Darstellung der geschlechtsspezifischen Ergebnisse zwischen BDNF und der kardiorespiratorischen Fitness bedarf es weiterer Untersuchungen. Beispielsweise gilt es spezifische Skelettmuskelfasertypen sowie den Einfluss der konkreten Östrogenmenge zu betrachten.
Unabhängig vom medizinischen Fortschritt stellt die Sepsis auch im 21. Jahrhundert ein Krankheitsbild mit hoher Mortalitätsrate, progredienter Inzidenz und zunehmender volkswirtschaftlicher Bedeutung dar. Ein zentraler therapeutischer Faktor ist der Erhalt mikro- und makrozirkulatorischer Hämodynamik. In vorangegangenen Arbeiten konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Modulation von Tyrosinkinasen und Tyrosin-Phosphatasen die Mikrozirkulation in septischen Zuständen positiv beeinflussen kann.
Wir untersuchten die Auswirkungen des Tyrosine receptor kinase B -Agonisten Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) auf die intestinale Mikrozirkulation und Leukozyten-Endothel-Interaktion unter experimenteller Endotoxinämie mittels intravitaler Fluoreszenzmikroskopie. Hierzu wurden die funktionelle, dysfunktionelle und nicht-funktionelle Kapillardichte der Lamina muscularis longitudinalis, circularis und des Stratums mucosae sowie die Leukozytenadhärenz der Venolen der submukösen Darmwand bestimmt. Ergänzend erfolgte eine Messung der hämodynamischen Parameter Herzfrequenz und mittlerer arterieller Blutdruck, sowie von Körpertemperatur, Blutgasen und Laktatkonzentration. Eine Bestimmung von Zyto- bzw. Chemokinen erfolgte mittels Fluorescent Bead Immunoassay.
Die intravenöse Applikation von BDNF führte unter Endotoxinämie zu einer signifikant erhöhten konstanten Leukozytenadhärenz in den Venolen dritten Grades der Darmwand und zu einer tendenziellen Zunahme um ca. 33 % in den Venolen ersten Grades. Die funktionelle Kapillardichte zeigte sich hingegen nach Behandlung der Endotoxinämie in den Laminae musculares longitudinalis und circularis tendenziell reduziert. Die Dichte nicht-funktioneller Kapillaren verhielt sich konkordant nach Behandlung mit BDNF tendenziell erhöht. Die Behandlung mit BDNF führte zu keiner Beeinträchtigung der Hämodynamik, jedoch zu einer signifikanten Basenabweichung unter Endotoxinämie. Eine Veränderung der Zytokinspiegel wurde nach BDNF-Applikation nicht verzeichnet.
Die Hinweise auf eine Verschlechterung der intestinalen Kapillarperfusion und der Nachweis einer verstärkten Leukozytenaktivierung nach BDNF-Applikation in systemischer Inflammation identifizieren die Blockade der durch endogenem BDNF vermittelten Kaskaden als mögliches therapeutisches Ziel. Es scheint daher sinnvoll, in weiterführenden tierexperimentellen und ggf. klinischen Studien den Nutzen von BDNF-Antagonisten in der Therapie systemisch-inflammatorischer Zustände wie der Sepsis zu evaluieren