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Ein wichtiges Nachsorgekonzept nach erfolgter Parodontitistherapie besteht im Angebot einer Unterstützdenden Parodontitis Therapie (UPT). Hierfür stehen herkömmliche Methoden wie Hand-, Schall- und Ultraschallinstrumente einerseits sowie Luft-Pulver-Wasserstrahlgeräte andererseits zur Verfügung.
Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht in diesem Kontext einen spezifischen Aspekt der Luft-Pulver-Wasserstrahltechnik. Es soll betrachtet werden, welche Wirkung niedrig-abrasive Prophylaxepulver auf die Farbstabilität von Zahnschmelz haben und wie dieser Effekt sich im Vergleich zu herkömmlicher Zahnpolitur mit Polierpaste darstellt. Ein weiterer Beitrag der Studie besteht in der eigenständigen Entwicklung eines in-vitro Modells, in dem das Färbeverhalten von Zahnoberflächen reproduzierbar erfasst werden kann.
Insgesamt liegen aus dieser Untersuchung Daten von 152 extrahierten Zähnen vor, welche durch verschiedene Verfahren oberflächlich behandelt und anschließend in eine Färbelösung aus Kaffee gegeben wurden. Die Zahnfarben wurden zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten mittels digitaler Bildanalyse bestimmt.
Im gewählten Versuchsaufbau (Durchlauf 1 und 2) ließ sich zunächst kein signifikanter Unterschied im Färbeverhalten nach Behandlung mit den Prophylaxepulvern Airflow Plus, Airflow Perio (EMS, Nyon, Schweiz) oder der Polierpaste Cleanic Prophy Paste flouride (Kerr Hawe, Bioggio, Schweiz) feststellen. Die Anwendung der verglichenen drei Produkte nach Herstellerangaben in der Studiensimulation erbrachte demnach keine signifikanten Verfärbungsunterschiede. Erst eine Modifikation des Versuchsablaufs im 3. Durchlauf, bei welchem die Zahnproben zusätzlich mit einer gesättigten Lösung aus Prophylaxemittel und Aqua Dest exponiert wurden, konnte einen signifikanten Einfluss des Prophylaxepulvers Airflow Plus auf das Färbeverhalten zeigen. Es ist von einem chemischen Einfluss des Inhaltsstoffes Chlorhexidin im Pulver Airflow Plus auszugehen, welcher in einer Konzentration von ≤0,3% im Pulver enthalten ist.
Diese Nebenwirkung ist aus der Praxis und aus der Literatur bekannt und wurde bereits in zahlreichen Untersuchungen bestätigt.
Gegenstand zukünftiger Arbeiten könnte die Untersuchung des Einflusses des Hauptbestandteils Erythritol auf das Färbeverhalten von Zahnoberflächen sein, oder der Einfluss höherer Druck- und Wassereinstellungen des Prophylaxegerätes. Des weiteren könnte ein Einfluss speziell auf das Färbeverhalten von Dentin oder Kompositrestaurationen durch das Prophylaxepulver EMS Airflow Plus und seine einzelnen Bestandteile untersucht werden.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Wirkung von kaltem Atmosphärendruckplasma (CAP) auf Candida albicans in Wurzelkanälen extrahierter menschlicher Zähne untersucht. CAP wurde als Monotherapie und als Kombinationstherapie mit Spüllösungen (Natriumhypochlorit, Chlorhexidin und Octenidin) appliziert. Die antimikrobielle Wirksamkeit wurde als Logarithmus der koloniebildenden Einheiten (log10 CFU/ml) aus Wurzelkanalabstrichen beurteilt. Ergänzend wurden exemplarisch rasterelektronenmikroskopische Aufnahmen der behandelten Wurzelkanäle erstellt.
Die Plasmamonotherapie zeigte die höchste antimikrobielle Wirksamkeit. Ein signifikanter Unterschied im Vergleich zu den Spüllösungen wurde bereits nach 6 min erreicht. Weder eine Steigerung der Behandlungszeit auf 12 min noch eine Kombinationstherapie führten zu einer signifikanten Verbesserung des Behandlungsergebnisses.
In dieser Studie sollte untersucht werden, ob ein isometrisches Training des Musculus
pterygoideus lateralis (MPL) der Therapie mit einer Schiene in Bezug auf die Behandlung
einer schmerzhaften Diskusverlagerung mit Reposition (DDwR) gleichwertig ist. Das
Trainingsprogramm orientiert sich an der Wissenschaft von Janda. Sechzig Patienten (≥18
Jahre) mit DDwR und Schmerzen wurden nach dem Zufallsprinzip zwei Gruppen zugeteilt:
(1) Muskeltraining, (2) Schienentherapie. Die folgenden Variablen wurden während der
Baseline-Untersuchung und zu den Zeitpunkten der Kontrolltermine (2, 4 und 6 Monate nach
Behandlungsbeginn) erhoben: Veränderung des orofazialen Schmerz, Auftreten des
Knackphänomens bei Kieferöffnungs- oder Kieferschließbewegungen, Kraftgrade nach Janda
bei Laterostrusionsbewegung, Schneidekantendistanz (SKD; in mm). P-Werte von < 0,05
wurden als statistisch signifikant angesehen und Konfidenzintervalle von 95% wurden
angegeben. In beiden Gruppen wurde ein Rückgang der orofazialen Schmerzintensität
festgestellt (P < 0,0001). Das registrierte Kiefergelenkknacken verschwand nach 6-monatiger
Behandlung bei 37 % (n=11) der Patienten in der Trainingsgruppe und bei 27 % (n=8) in der
Schienengruppe (P = 0,0009 und P = 0,0047). Das Muskeltraining führte am Ende der Studie
zu 27 Verbesserungen der Janda-Kraftgrade (P < 0,0001). Zusammenfassend verbesserten
sowohl das Muskeltraining, als auch die Therapie mit einer UK-Äquilibrierungsschiene die
Mundöffnung und reduzierten die Schmerzintensität in beiden Patientengruppen.
Muskeltraining könnte eine vielversprechende Option für die Behandlung von Patienten mit
schmerzhafter DDwR sein.
Background
Peri-implantitis therapy is a major problem in implantology. Because of challenging rough implant surface and implant geometry, microorganisms can hide and survive in implant microstructures and impede debridement. We developed a new water jet (WJ) device and a new cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAP) device to overcome these problems and investigated aspects of efficacy in vitro and safety with the aim to create the prerequisites for a clinical pilot study with these medical devices.
Methods
We compared the efficiency of a single treatment with a WJ or curette and cotton swab (CC) without or with adjunctive use of CAP (WJ + CAP, CC + CAP) to remove biofilm in vitro from rough titanium discs. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by measuring turbidity up to 72 h for bacterial re-growth or spreading of osteoblast-like cells (MG-63) after 5 days with scanning electron microscopy. With respect to application safety, the WJ and CAP instruments were examined according to basic regulations for medical devices.
Results
After 96 h of incubation all WJ and CC treated disks were turbid but 67% of WJ + CAP and 46% CC + CAP treated specimens were still clear. The increase in turbidity after WJ treatment was delayed by about 20 h compared to CC treatment. In combination with CAP the cell coverage significantly increased to 82% (WJ + CAP) or 72% (CC + CAP), compared to single treatment 11% (WJ) or 10% (CC).
Conclusion
The newly developed water jet device effectively removes biofilm from rough titanium surfaces in vitro and, in combination with the new CAP device, biologically acceptable surfaces allow osteoblasts to grow. WJ in combination with CAP leads to cleaner surfaces than the usage of curette and cotton swabs with or without subsequent plasma treatment. Our next step will be a clinical pilot study with these new devices to assess the clinical healing process.
The effect of interdental cleaning on progression of caries, periodontitis and tooth loss is a highly discussed topic in dental research since these conditions are among the most common infectious diseases of mankind. Caries is a multifactorial disease defined by a demineralization process of the dental hard tissue, caused by bacteria, which, if untreated ultimately results in tooth decay and tooth loss. A study published in 2015 confirmed that untreated caries in permanent teeth is still the most prevalent condition worldwide. Gingivitis, an acute inflammation of the gingival tissue, caused by substances deduced from the microbial plaque can develop into the clinical picture of an acute periodontitis. Severe periodontitis is still the sixth-most prevalent condition globally with a prevalence of 11.2% between 1990-2010. Progression of periodontitis leads to bone loss which as well ultimately results in tooth loss, if left untreated. In our study we want to examine the use of IDA in relation to caries and periodontal diseases, thus tooth retention to gain more detailed and long-term results about the effect of IDA and therefore prevent, counteract and understand these oral diseases better.
Using data from SHIP-TREND, a population-based observational cohort study conducted in Western Pomerania (Germany), we examined effects of daily usage of interdental cleaning aids on follow-up (SHIP-TREND-1) values of oral outcomes comprising caries (DFS, interdental DFS, non-interdental-DFS), gingivitis (plaque, BOP), chronic periodontitis (mean PD, mean interdental PD, mean non-interdental PD, mean CAL, mean interdental CAL, mean non-interdental CAL, CDC/APP case definition) and tooth loss (number of missing teeth) using comprehensively adjusted linear and ordinal logistic regression models. In total, data from over 2,000 participants with a follow-up time of approximately seven years were utilized. Based on interviews, participants were asked about their habit and the regularity of using interdental aids as a cleaning aid at home. Furthermore, the type of IDA was then analyzed and differentiated into groups of IDA non-users, wooden stick users, floss users and interdental brush users.
Regular interdental aids usage was associated with reduced levels of periodontitis severity (mean PD and mean CAL) and gingivitis variables (plaque and BOP). The beneficial effect was more pronounced in participants using dental floss or interdental brushes regularly. After seven years of follow-up, odds of having higher mean PD levels were halved (Odds Ratio 0.49; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.35;0.66) comparing dental floss users with non-users. Respective ORs were 0.61 (95%CI 0.45;0.83) for mean CAL, 0.52 (95%CI 0.36;0.77) for BOP and 0.36 (95%CI 0.24;0.54) for plaque. Similarly, ORs for interdental brush users were 0.75 (95%CI 0.55;1.02) for mean PD, 0.64 (95%CI 0.41;0.97) for BOP and 0.55 (95%CI 0.39;0.77) for plaque, compared to non-users. For wooden sticks non-significant associations were found, which does not allow any statement to be made regarding possible effects on oral health. Caries variables (DF-S) and the number of missing teeth were non-significantly associated with interdental aids usage.
In conclusion, results suggest that interdental cleaning aids usage may contribute to healthier gums and reduced inflammation, if combined with daily toothbrushing and regular dental checkups. Specifically, dental flossing and interdental brushing might notably reduce gingival inflammation and therefore prevent chronic periodontitis. These findings contribute to a more distinct picture of how IDA might help to prevent oral diseases and must be properly integrated into our daily oral hygiene program.
Ziel dieser Studie war es, das metabolische Speichelprofil in Zusammenhang mit Parodontitis zu untersuchen und potentielle Biomarker sowie Stoffwechselwege im Rahmen der Erkrankung zu erforschen. Speichelproben von 938 Proband*innen wurden in Abhängigkeit von dentalen Gesundheitsvariablen betrachtet und anschließend, auf Basis dieser Ergebnisse, mit dem Zahnverlust nach fünf Jahren assoziiert.
Die Querschnittsanalyse ergab mehrere signifikant assoziierte Speichelmetabolite, wovon Butyrylputrescin mit den meisten oralen Variablen verknüpft war. Außerdem konnten wir die Kernergebnisse einer unabhängigen Studie replizieren und das Potenzial von Phenylacetat, 3-Phenylpropionat und 3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)Propionat
bekräftigen. In der Längsschnittanalyse war der Zahnverlust nach fünf Jahren am stärksten mit N,N-Dimethyl-5-Aminovalerat verbunden. Die Mehrzahl aller auffälligen Metabolite steht in Zusammenhang mit Zellvermehrung, bakteriellem Stoffwechsel und Gewebedestruktion. Fasst man die Analysen zusammen, sind 2-Pyrr und Butyrylputrescin die beständigsten Metabolite mit signifikanten Korrelationen. Daher erscheinen sie als besonders geeignet, das Ungleichgewicht der Mundflora widerzuspiegeln.
Als Bruxismus werden wiederholte Kaumuskelaktivitäten definiert, die sich als Kieferpressen, Zähneknirschen und -pressen, Verschieben des Unterkiefers ohne Zahnkontakt oder im Anspannen der Kaumuskulatur äußern. Abhängig vom Zeitpunkt des Auftretens wird in Schlaf- und Wachbruxismus unterschieden. Die Ätiologie des Bruxismus ist bis zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt nur unzureichend bekannt. Man geht aber davon aus, dass es sich um ein multifaktorielles Geschehen mit einer Kombination aus verschiedenen zentralen sowie genetischen Faktoren handelt. In bereits vorhandenen, vornehmlich querschnittlichen, Studien kann eine Korrelation zwischen dem Auftreten von Bruxismus und Depressionen sowie Angststörungen nachgewiesen werden. Bislang ist dieser Zusammenhang aber kaum im Rahmen longitudinaler Studien untersucht worden. Das Ziel dieser Analyse war es, festzustellen, ob Zeichen von Angststörungen und/oder Depressionen in der Baselineuntersuchung der Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP -START-0) einen Risikofaktor für die Entwicklung von Bruxismus zum Zeitpunkt der Follow-up Untersuchung nach 5 Jahren (SHIP-START-1) darstellen. In dieser Längsschnittstudie wurden Daten von 2126 Probanden ausgewertet, die im Rahmen der
longitudinalen bevölkerungsrepräsentativen Untersuchung SHIP erhoben wurden. Es wurden relative Risiken (RR) und Konvidenzintervalle (KI) mit Hilfe der modifizierten Poisson Regression ermittelt.
Das Screening auf psychische Störungen erfolgte mit dem Composite International Diagnostic - Screener (CID-S). Selbstberichteter Bruxismus wurde mittels Fragebogen u.a. zum Zähnepressen, Zähneknirschen erfasst, deren Ausübung mit nie; manchmal; häufig beantwortet werden konnte. Zudem erfolgte im Rahmen der zahnärztlichen Untersuchung in SHIP-START-0 eine Graduierung der zahnhartsubstanzverluste entsprechend des Indexes nach Hugoson. Als Ergebnis zeigte sich, dass Probanden, die Zeichen von Depressionen und/oder Zeichen von Angststörungen aufwiesen, signifikant häufiger von intensivem Bruxismus berichteten. Bei Probanden mit Zeichen von Depressionen und/oder Angststörungen besteht im Verlauf von 5 Jahren ein erhöhtes Risiko für die Entwicklung von häufigem selbstberichtetem Bruxismus.
Adipositas als chronische Erkrankung ist zu einem der Hauptgesundheitsprobleme der Weltbevölkerung im 21. Jahrhundert geworden. Starkes Übergewicht und Adipositas gelten als Risikofaktoren für eine Reihe systemischer Erkrankungen. Meist bringt man die vermehrte Ansammlung von Fettdepots mit kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen oder Diabetes in Verbindung. Doch auch in der oralen Gesundheit macht sich starkes Übergewicht bemerkbar. In den letzten Jahren wurde in der Literatur zunehmend der Zusammenhang zwischen Parodontitis und Übergewicht bzw. Adipositas thematisiert und wissenschaftlich belegt. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, inwieweit sich die Lokalisation der Fettdepots an unterschiedlichen Körperregionen auf die Entstehung und den Verlauf einer Parodontitis auswirkt und ob es einen bidirektionalen Zusammenhang zwischen Parodontitis und den spezifischen Fettverteilungsmustern gibt. Die statistischen Analysen wurden basierend auf Datensätzen der Follow-Up-Untersuchung SHIP-2 der Study of Health in Pomerania angefertigt.
Background: COVID-19 lead to the adoption of containment measures including temporary closure of dental clinics. Despite the risk of infection transmission, dental emergencies have not ceased during this pandemic and had to be managed also in the lockdown period.
Aim: To analyze the profiles and offered management options of pediatric patients presenting with dental emergencies during a COVID-19 lockdown.
Design: Retrospective analysis of patient records of children seeking emergency dental treatment during a 7-week lockdown period in 2020 in a university pedodontics clinic in Germany, compared to a similar cohort from 2019. Data on patient level, tooth level, and session level were collected. An analysis of the digital records after 6 months follow-up was performed for the patients who received Non-Aerosol Generating Procedures (NAGP) as management for dental emergency in the lockdown period in 2020.
Results: The 2020 cohort consisted of 83 patients, while the 2019 cohort included 46 patients showing 45% higher necessity for emergency treatment in 2020. Most common chief complaint was oral mucosal conditions in 2020 (26.4%), and irreversible pulpitis in 2019 (25.5%). Dental caries (without spontaneous pain) was the second most chief complaint in both cohorts (20.7% and 23.4% respectively). Most interventions in 2020 were Minimally Invasive Treatments such as the hall technique and silver diammine fluoride (20.3%), which were in 2019 not considered, followed by pharmacological treatment (16.9%), which were in 2019 also highly used (35.9%). The 6 months follow up for the NAGP revealed benefit in management of the acute dental problem, by either direct treatment or by postponing the treatment need to a later time period.
Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic led to increase in emergency pediatric dental visits and shifted treatment options towards less invasive procedures.
In challenging situations, where aerosols increase the risk of infection transmission, NAPD are a viable option in the management of dental emergencies, especially in pediatric dentistry.
Objective
To evaluate the efficacy of tooth splinting (TS) and occlusal adjustment (OA) compared to no TS or OA in patients with periodontitis exhibiting masticatory dysfunction.
Material
The primary outcome criterion was tooth loss (TL), and the secondary outcome parameters were change in probing pocket depth (PPD), change in clinical attachment level (CAL), tooth mobility (TM), and patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs). Literature search was performed on three electronic databases (from 01/1965 to 04/2021) and focused on clinical studies with at least 12 months follow‐up.
Results
From a total of 1515 publications, 51 articles were identified for full‐text reading, of which 2 retrospective case series on TS with low risk of bias and 1 randomized and 2 prospective studies on OA with unclear risk of bias were included. For TS, synthesis of data showed that in 72 patients, 26 out of 311 teeth (weighted mean incidence of TL 8.4%) and 156 out of 1541 teeth with no TS (weighted mean incidence of TL 10.1%) were lost over 2 years following non‐surgical periodontal therapy. The randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT) indicated CAL gain for teeth with OA compared to no OA. For the effect of OA on TL, PPD, and TM, heterogeneous data were retrieved from the included studies.
Conclusions
Within the limitations of this review and based on a low level of evidence, it is concluded that TS does not improve survival of mobile teeth in patients with advanced periodontitis. OA on teeth with mobility and/or premature contacts may lead to improved CAL, while the effect of OA on the remaining periodontal parameters remains unclear.
Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease. The aim of this explorative study was to investigate the role of Interleukin-(IL)-1, IL-4, GATA-3 and Cyclooxygenase-(COX)-2 polymorphisms after non-surgical periodontal therapy with adjunctive systemic antibiotics (amoxicillin/metronidazole) and subsequent maintenance in a Caucasian population. Analyses were performed using blood samples from periodontitis patients of a multi-center trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00707369=ABPARO-study). Polymorphisms were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR. Clinical attachment levels (CAL), percentage of sites showing further attachment loss (PSAL) ≥1.3 mm, bleeding on probing (BOP) and plaque score were assessed. Exploratory statistical analysis was performed. A total of 209 samples were genotyped. Patients carrying heterozygous genotypes and single-nucleotide-polymorphisms (SNP) on the GATA-3-IVS4 +1468 gene locus showed less CAL loss than patients carrying wild type. Heterozygous genotypes and SNPs on the IL-1A-889, IL-1B +3954, IL-4-34, IL-4-590, GATA-3-IVS4 +1468 and COX-2-1195 gene loci did not influence CAL. In multivariate analysis, CAL was lower in patients carrying GATA-3 heterozygous genotypes and SNPs than those carrying wild-types. For the first time, effects of different genotypes were analyzed in periodontitis progression after periodontal therapy and during supportive treatment using systemic antibiotics demonstrating a slight association of GATA-3 gene locus with CAL. This result suggests that GATA-3 genotypes are a contributory but non-essential risk factor for periodontal disease progression.
To assess whether the treatment of children with oral midazolam and pediatric hypnosis techniques can improve the compliance in consecutive sessions, a retrospective longitudinal practice-based observational study was designed and carried out. A total of 311 children between 3 and 12 years of age were treated under hypnosis and sedation with midazolam (0.40 mg/kg body weight). Treatments were performed in one to a maximum of three sessions. A total of 183 children received one, 103 received two and 25 children received three treatment sessions. The behavior of the children during the sessions was examined by means of the Venham score. The self-evaluation of the children was based on the Wong–Baker Scale. Child behavior using midazolam and hypnosis techniques showed little difference and good compliance between the sessions. Venham scores did not increase significantly regarding total treatment from the first (0.99 ± 1.41) to the second (1.17 ± 1.39) and to the third session (1.27 ± 1.20) (p > 0.05). However, considering the highest Venham scores that occurred in each case, the behavior of the children worsened significantly (p < 0.01) during the three treatment sessions, from 1.37 ± 1.31 (first) to 1.87 ± 1.74 (second) to 2.32 ± 1.33 (third). In 6.11% of the children, treatment was discontinued in the first session (n = 19), 0.96% in the second (n = 3) and 0% in the third. Treatment with low-dose midazolam, combined with hypnosis techniques, showed to be an effective option for dental treatment in children. Within the limitations of the current study, and with consideration of highest possible compliance, no more than two treatment sessions for pediatric dental treatment should be performed.
Because of some disadvantages of chemical disinfection in dental practice (especially denture cleaning), we investigated the effects of physical methods on Candida albicans biofilms. For this purpose, the antifungal efficacy of three different low-temperature plasma devices (an atmospheric pressure plasma jet and two different dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs)) on Candida albicans biofilms grown on titanium discs in vitro was investigated. As positive treatment controls, we used 0.1% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) and 0.6% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). The corresponding gas streams without plasma ignition served as negative treatment controls. The efficacy of the plasma treatment was determined evaluating the number of colony-forming units (CFU) recovered from titanium discs. The plasma treatment reduced the CFU significantly compared to chemical disinfectants. While 10 min CHX or NaOCl exposure led to a CFU log10 reduction factor of 1.5, the log10 reduction factor of DBD plasma was up to 5. In conclusion, the use of low-temperature plasma is a promising physical alternative to chemical antiseptics for dental practice.
Die Entscheidung für das optimale Füllungsmaterial in der zahnärztlichen Behandlung stellt für Patienten und auch deren behandelnde Zahnärzte heutzutage eine Herausforderung dar. Bei der Vielzahl an zahnärztlichen Materialien, die heute angeboten werden, stellt sich die Frage, welches Material sich am besten für die Behandlung von Zahnhartsubstanzdefekten eignet, insbesondere im Bereich der Molaren.
Um einen Anhaltspunkt zu erhalten, welches Material am besten geeignet ist, wurden in der vorliegenden Studie Zahnärzte in Deutschland befragt, wie sie ihre eigenen Molaren restauriert haben und wie haltbar diese Restaurationen sind.
Mit Hilfe einer Onlineumfrage wurden Daten von 299 Zahnärzten über die restaurative Behandlung ihrer Molaren erhoben. Nach der Korrektur bestand der Analysesatz aus 1719 Molaren von 288 Zahnärzten.
Im Ergebnis zeigt sich innerhalb der Grenzen dieser Studie, dass bei deutschen Zahnärzten Restaurationen aus metallischen Werkstoffen wie Gold, Amalgam oder Nichtedelmetallen in ihren Molaren überwiegen, wobei Gold den größten Anteil ausmacht. Unterschiede wurden in Bezug auf das Geschlecht, das Alter und die Region, in welcher der Zahnarzt tätig ist, festgestellt. Es zeigte sich außerdem, dass Zahnärztinnen zahnfarbene Materialien wie beispielsweise Restaurationen aus Keramik bevorzugen. Restaurationen aus Gold, Amalgam und Nichtedelmetall zeigten mit mehr als 20 Jahren die höchste Haltbarkeit.
Es lässt sich jedoch eine Trendwende erkennen. So wählen insbesondere jüngere Zahnärzte neuere Materialien wie Komposit und Keramik für die restaurative Versorgung ihrer Molaren. Diese Materialien wurden in den vergangenen Jahren ständig weiterentwickelt und zeigen heutzutage deutlich verbesserte Eigenschaften was die Haltbarkeit und die Ästhetik betrifft, als noch vor einigen Jahren.
In Bezug auf die Entscheidungsfindung hinsichtlich eines gewählten oder auch empfohlenen Materials zeigt sich, dass die Entscheidung von verschiedenen Faktoren beeinflusst wird. Wichtig sind beispielsweise die Eigenschaften der verschiedenen Materialien, ebenso wie die Lage, Art und Größe des Defektes. Auch die Mundhygiene beziehungsweise das Kariesrisiko haben einen Einfluss.
Da in der Zahnmedizin die Prävention immer weiter in den Fokus rückt ist anzunehmen, dass auch unter Zahnärzten die Anzahl der nötigen größeren Restaurationen im Seitenzahnbereich abnehmen und sich dementsprechend auch die Art der gewählten Materialien weiter verändern wird.
The Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP), a population-based study from a rural state in northeastern Germany with a relatively poor life expectancy, supplemented its comprehensive examination program in 2008 with whole-body MR imaging at 1.5 T (SHIP-MR). We reviewed more than 100 publications that used the SHIP-MR data and analyzed which sequences already produced fruitful scientific outputs and which manuscripts have been referenced frequently. Upon reviewing the publications about imaging sequences, those that used T1-weighted structured imaging of the brain and a gradient-echo sequence for R2* mapping obtained the highest scientific output; regarding specific body parts examined, most scientific publications focused on MR sequences involving the brain and the (upper) abdomen. We conclude that population-based MR imaging in cohort studies should define more precise goals when allocating imaging time. In addition, quality control measures might include recording the number and impact of published work, preferably on a bi-annual basis and starting 2 years after initiation of the study. Structured teaching courses may enhance the desired output in areas that appear underrepresented.
Aim: To provide recommendations for dental clinicians for the management of dental caries in older adults with special emphasis on root caries lesions. Methods: A consensus workshop followed by a Delphi consensus process were conducted with an expert panel nominated by ORCA, EFCD, and DGZ boards. Based on a systematic review of the literature, as well as non-systematic literature search, recommendations for clinicians were developed and consented in a two-stage Delphi process. Results: Demographic and epidemiologic changes will significantly increase the need of management of older adults and root caries in the future. Ageing is associated with a decline of intrinsic capacities and an increased risk of general diseases. As oral and systemic health are linked, bidirectional consequences of diseases and interventions need to be considered. Caries prevention and treatment in older adults must respond to the patient’s individual abilities for self-care and cooperation and often involves the support of caregivers. Systemic interventions may involve dietary counselling, oral hygiene instruction, the use of fluoridated toothpastes, and the stimulation of salivary flow. Local interventions to manage root lesions may comprise local biofilm control, application of highly fluoridated toothpastes or varnishes as well as antimicrobial agents. Restorative treatment is often compromised by the accessibility of such root caries lesions as well as the ability of the senior patient to cooperate. If optimum restorative treatment is impossible or inappropriate, long-term stabilization, e.g., by using glass-ionomer cements, and palliative treatments that aim to maintain oral function as long and as well as possible may be the treatment of choice for the individual.
The aim of the present study was to construct a biological age score reflecting one’s physiologic capability and aging condition with respect to tooth loss over 10 y. From the follow-up to the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (i.e., SHIP-2), 2,049 participants were studied for their baseline biomarker measures 10 y before (i.e., in SHIP-0). Metabolic and periodontal data were regressed onto chronological age to construct a score designated as “biological age.” For either sex separately, the impact of this individualized score was used to predict tooth loss in the follow-up cohort in comparison with each participant’s chronological age. Outcome data after 10 y with respect to tooth loss, periodontitis, obesity, and inflammation were shown to be better for biologically younger subjects than as expected by their chronological age, whereas for the older subjects, data were worse. Especially for tooth loss, a striking increase was observed in subjects whose biological age at baseline appeared to be higher than their chronological age. Biological age produced significantly better tooth loss predictions than chronological age (P < 0.001). Areas under receiver operating characteristic curves for tooth loss of ≥3 teeth in men during follow-up were 0.811 and 0.745 for biological and chronological age, respectively. For women, these figures were 0.788 and 0.724. For total tooth loss, areas under the curve were 0.890 and 0.749 in men and 0.872 and 0.752 in women. Biological age combines various measures into a single score and allows identifying individuals at increased risk of tooth loss.
Evidence is limited regarding whether periodontal treatment improves hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) among people with prediabetes and periodontal disease, and it is unknown whether improvement of metabolic status persists >3 mo. In an exploratory post hoc analysis of the multicenter randomized controlled trial “Antibiotika und Parodontitis” (Antibiotics and Periodontitis)—a prospective, stratified, double-blind study—we assessed whether nonsurgical periodontal treatment with or without an adjunctive systemic antibiotic treatment affects HbA1c and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels among periodontitis patients with normal HbA1c (≤5.7%, n = 218), prediabetes (5.7% < HbA1c < 6.5%, n = 101), or unknown diabetes (HbA1c ≥ 6.5%, n = 8) over a period of 27.5 mo. Nonsurgical periodontal treatment reduced mean pocket probing depth by >1 mm in both groups. In the normal HbA1c group, HbA1c values remained unchanged at 5.0% (95% CI, 4.9% to 6.1%) during the observation period. Among periodontitis patients with prediabetes, HbA1c decreased from 5.9% (95% CI, 5.9% to 6.0%) to 5.4% (95% CI, 5.3% to 5.5%) at 15.5 mo and increased to 5.6% (95% CI, 5.4% to 5.7%) after 27.5 mo. At 27.5 mo, 46% of periodontitis patients with prediabetes had normal HbA1c levels, whereas 47.9% remained unchanged and 6.3% progressed to diabetes. Median hsCRP values were reduced in the normal HbA1c and prediabetes groups from 1.2 and 1.4 mg/L to 0.7 and 0.7 mg/L, respectively. Nonsurgical periodontal treatment may improve blood glucose values among periodontitis patients with prediabetes (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00707369).
In the two present prospective cohort studies we conducted on population-based sample from the North-eastern adult Germans, the following main results were obtained. First, CP had a moderate effect on CVD and all-cause mortality [93]. In further analyses, we investigated the association of CP and mortality considering DM as a mediator in the CP-Mortality association. We did not, however, come up with enough evidence supporting this hypothesis. Furthermore, no substantial evidence was found on our hypothesis suggesting a joint effect of CP and DM on mortality [93]. Second, we studied the causal effect of CP on diabetes incidence or long-term change of Hba1c level using 11-years of follow-up data from SHIP. However, our data did not indicate any independent effect of CP on the incidence of diabetes mellitus after comprehensive confounder adjustment using DAGs. Models that consider baseline periodontal status effect on long term change of Hba1c revealed similar non-significant results [94].
Objectives: Clear guidelines on when to remove an implant are missing. This study aimed to evaluate the amount of peri-implant bone loss at explantation by specialists.
Material and Methods: Implantology specialists were asked to provide implants explanted due to peri-implantitis with related clinical information. Questionnaires inquired age, sex, smoking habit, implant location, usage of bone substitutes, and implant brand. Early failures (survival time <12 months) were analysed separately. Explants were measured and bone loss and type of bone loss were assessed using radiographs. Bivariate analysis was used for the type of bone loss, and covariate-adjusted mixed-effects models were evaluated for the amount of bone loss and survival time.
Results: Twelve dental offices provided 192 explants from 161 patients with 99 related radiographs. Most implants were affected by vertical bone loss (51.1%), followed by combined horizontal and vertical bone loss (22.3%), peri-implant gap (11.7%), horizontal bone loss (10.6%), and only a few by apical inflammation (4.3%). Thirty-three (17.2%) explants were early failures. Type of bone loss was significantly associated with survival time and implant brand. Implant brand also showed a significant correlation with early/late implant failure. Excluding early failures, combined horizontal and vertical bone loss was additionally significantly associated with smoking, and the location when grouped to incisor, canine, premolar, and molar showed a significant association with the type of bone loss. Further, the average survival time was 9.5 ± 5.8 years with absolute and relative bone loss of 7.0 ± 2.7 mm and 66.2 ± 23.7%, respectively. Late failures were removed at a mean bone loss of 50.0% with 5.44 mm residual alveolar bone in the posterior maxilla and 73.8% with 2.89 mm residual alveolar bone in other locations. In fully adjusted mixed-effects models, only the age at implantation (B=-0.19; 95% CI: -0.27 to -0.10) remained a significant factor for survival time. Implants exhibited significantly more relative bone loss if they were positioned in the mandible (B=17.3; 95% CI: 3.91 to 30.72) or if they were shorter (B=-2.79; 95% CI: -5.50 to -0.08).
Conclusions: Though the mean bone loss (66.2%) at which implants were explanted was in accordance with the literature, its wide variation and differentiation between the posterior maxilla and other locations showed that the profession has no universally accepted threshold beyond which an implant cannot be preserved.