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Objective: In acute pancreatitis (AP), bacterial translocation and subsequent infection of pancreatic necrosis are the main risk factors for severe disease and late death. Understanding how immunological host defence mechanisms fail to protect the intestinal barrier is of great importance in reducing the mortality risk of the disease. Here, we studied the role of the Treg/Th17 balance for maintaining the intestinal barrier function in a mouse model of severe AP.
Design: AP was induced by partial duct ligation in C57Bl/6 or DEREG mice, in which regulatory T-cells (Treg) were depleted by intraperitoneal injection of diphtheria toxin. By flow cytometry, functional suppression assays and transcriptional profiling we analysed Treg activation and characterised T-cells of the lamina propria as well as intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) regarding their activation and differentiation. Microbiota composition was examined in intestinal samples as well as in murine and human pancreatic necrosis by 16S rRNA gene sequencing.
Results: The prophylactic Treg-depletion enhanced the proinflammatory response in an experimental mouse model of AP but stabilised the intestinal immunological barrier function of Th17 cells and CD8+/γδTCR+ IELs. Treg depleted animals developed less bacterial translocation to the pancreas. Duodenal overgrowth of the facultative pathogenic taxa Escherichia/Shigella which associates with severe disease and infected necrosis was diminished in Treg depleted animals.
Conclusion: Tregs play a crucial role in the counterbalance against systemic inflammatory response syndrome. In AP, Treg-activation disturbs the duodenal barrier function and permits translocation of commensal bacteria into pancreatic necrosis. Targeting Tregs in AP may help to ameliorate the disease course.
Die Migration von Endothelzellen unter hämodynamischen Flussbedingungen ist ein komplex regulierter Vorgang. In dieser Arbeit konnten die Aktivierung des Apelin-Rezeptors und die Zugabe von Statinen als Einflussfaktoren auf die Migration der Endothelzellen unter verschiedener Schubspannung identifiziert werden. Dabei wurden folgende Kernaussagen herausgearbeitet:
1. Der Apelin-Rezeptor reguliert die Endothelzellen-Migration in Abhängigkeit von der Schubspannung und dem Gefäßbett. In HUVEC wirkt der APLNR migrationsfördernd unter physiologischen Schubspannungen und migrationshemmend unter höheren Schubspannungen. Keinen Einfluss zeigt der APLNR auf die Migration von HCAEC.
2. Physiologische Statinkonzentrationen reduzieren die EC-Migration in HCAEC. Dies steht im Gegensatz zu der beschriebenen migrationsfördernden Wirkung von statinbehandelten HUVEC. In supraphysiologischen Konzentrationen zeigten sich Unterschiede zwischen dem lipophilen Atorvastatin und dem hydrophilen Pravastatin.
3. Die Wirkung der Statine auf die EC-Migration scheint teilweise über den APLNR zu erfolgen. Dies könnte möglicherweise abhängig von ihrer Lipophilie geschehen.
Hinsichtlich der klinischen Relevanz scheint insbesondere der Einfluss des APLNR auf die endotheliale Migration, sowie sein Zusammenspiel mit Atorvastatin von Bedeutung zu sein. In diesem experimentellen Setting konnte bei Betrachtung von arteriellen EC kein Vorteil eines der Statine bezüglich ihrer Migration herausgearbeitet werden. Inwieweit sich diese jedoch klinisch unterscheiden, müsste in in vivo Studien untersucht werden.
In Zusammenschau mit den Studien der aktuellen Literatur zeigte die hier vorliegende Arbeit besonders, wie stark zum Beispiel die Auswahl des Zellmodells die Ergebnisse beeinflusst. So lassen sich Arbeiten mit dem für Arteriosklerose oft gewählten HUVEC-Zellmodell kaum mit Experimenten an HCAEC vergleichen, obgleich es sich bei beiden um vaskuläre Endothelzellen handelt. Außerdem zeigte sich, dass die Wirkung der Statine oder der APLNR-Blockierung unter physiologischen Schubspannungen teilweise gegenteilig zu ihrer Wirkung unter höheren Schubspannungen ist.
In der individualisierten Medizin wird angestrebt für jeden einzelnen Patienten entsprechend seiner Erkrankungen, die optimalste Therapie zu finden. Wo Atorvastatin für den einen Patienten von Vorteil ist, sorgt bei einer anderen Patientin Pravastatin für mehr Sicherheit. Dass diese Wirkstoffgruppe nicht so homogen ist, zeigen die hier erhobenen Ergebnisse. Um den modernen Therapieansatz zu verfolgen, sollten auch die wissenschaftlichen Fragestellungen bezüglich der Wirkstoffgruppe der Statine konkreter abgestimmt beantworten.
The maintenance of protein homeostasis in muscle by degradation systems, e.g. the autophagy lysosomal pathway (ALP) and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), is of great importance. It prevents the accumulation of nonfunctioning and not properly folded proteins, which can lead to protein aggregate myopathies (PAMs) and several other protein storage diseases. Degradation by the UPS depends on the transfer of ubiquitin to a target protein. This happens in a cascade of E1-E2-E3 proteins. This process is also involved in protein location and regulation of protein activity. E3 ligases are often tissue specific. Muscle RING-finger proteins (MuRFs) are a family of really interesting new gene (RING)-Finger E3 ubiquitin ligases, that are almost exclusively expressed in the striated muscle. They play a role in muscle wasting, but are also important for the maintenance of the structure of striated muscle. MuRF proteins are also involved in the regulation of the striated muscle energy metabolism. Previous work has demonstrated that MuRF1/MuRF3 DKO mice show a protein surplus myopathy characterized by an accumulation of myosin heavy chain proteins in striated muscles and a reduction in function of both heart and skeletal muscle. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the myopathic phenotype of MuRF1/MuRF3 DKO mice is mediated by a disturbed energy homeostasis in the heart and skeletal muscle, with focus on mitochondrial function. Because sex-specific differences have not been investigated in these mice so far, a further aim was to investigate any differences between male and female mice.
To test these hypotheses, we measured the weight of the heart and the hindlimb muscles tibialis anterior and soleus to detect a possible hypertrophy in the DKO mice. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of histological cross sections of the tibialis anterior were performed to investigate protein accumulations. Muscle function was quantitated via grip strength and specific force measurements. Possible changes in protein amounts were detected via mass spectrometry analyses and western blot analyses. Changes in gene expression were investigated by qRT-PCR. Coimmunoprecipitation was used to determine direct interactions between proteins. Protein stability and ubiquitination were investigated by cycloheximide (CHX) and ubiquitination assays, respectively.
DKO mice showed an increase in heart and skeletal muscle weights. Grip strength assays revealed limb weakness of DKO mice. H&E staining of histological cross sections of the tibialis anterior muscle (TA) showed protein aggregates within myofibers. Mass spectrometry analyses of proteins isolated from TA and heart muscle revealed an increase of muscle stress markers and structural proteins in DKO mice, while proteins involved in the energy metabolism were reduced. Especially interesting here were the proteins of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), which play a major role in the energy production of the mitochondria by catalyzing the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP, the universal energy carrier in all living organisms. These changes were more pronounced in TA compared to heart. Western blot and qRT-PCR results of ETC subunits supported our proteome data. They also revealed a sex-specific difference, in which the reduction ETC subunits was more pronounced in females than males. In female
TA NDUFB8, SDHB, UQCRC2, MTCO1 and ATP5 were significantly reduced compared to controls, while only UQCRC2 and ATP5 were decreased in male TA compared to controls. A significant reduction in gene expression of Ndufb8, Sdhb, Mtco1 and Atp5 was detected in TA of female mice compared to controls, while only Ndufb8, Sdhb and Atp5 were decreased in male TA compared to controls. We observed the same pattern in Heart of male (protein: NDUFB8; mRNA: Mtco1) and female (protein: UQCRC2, MTCO1, ATP5; mRNA: Sdhb, Mtco1) DKO mice compared to their controls. The reduction in ETC subunits was paralleled by a reduction in complex I and complex III activity in the TA of DKO mice, but not in heart. However, this was only significant in the TA of female but not male mice. Mechanistical analyses using coimmunoprecipitation, cycloheximide chase and ubiquitination assays showed that MuRF1 physically interacted with the transcriptional repressor histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5), mediated its ubiquitination as well as its UPS-dependent degradation. The absence of MuRF1 and MuRF3 in DKO mice let to an increase in the amounts of HDAC5 in TA. Because HDAC5 binds to PGC-1α, the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis (encoded by Ppargc1a), we investigated its gene expression in DKO muscle and found it to be reduced.
These data connect MuRF1 and MuRF3 directly to the striated muscle energy metabolism, by regulating mitochondrial function. The results provide insights into the development of PAMs and possibly other protein storage diseases, where a decrease of mitochondrial function has already been described.
Purpose
Patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures are increasingly important in evaluating medical care. The increased integration of technology within the healthcare systems allows for collection of PROs electronically. The objectives of this study were to Ashley et al. J Med Internet Res (2013) implement an electronic assessment of PROs in inpatient cancer care and test its feasibility for patients and Dawson et al. BMJ (2010) determine the equivalence of the paper and electronic assessment.
Methods
We analyzed two arms from a study that was originally designed to be an interventional, three-arm, and multicenter inpatient trial. A self-administered questionnaire based on validated PRO-measures was applied and completed at admission, 1 week after, and at discharge. For this analysis — focusing on feasibility of the electronic assessment — the following groups will be considered: Group A (intervention arm) received a tablet version, while group B (control arm) completed the questionnaire on paper. A feasibility questionnaire, that was adapted from Ashley et al. J Med Internet Res (2013), was administered to group A.
Results
We analyzed 103 patients that were recruited in oncology wards. ePRO was feasible to most patients, with 84% preferring the electronic over paper-based assessment. The feasibility questionnaire contained questions that were answered on a scale ranging from “1” (illustrating non achievement) to “5” (illustrating achieving goal). The majority (mean 4.24, SD .99) reported no difficulties handling the electronic tool and found it relatively easy finding time for filling out the questionnaire (mean 4.15, SD 1.05). There were no significant differences between the paper and the electronic assessment regarding the PROs.
Conclusion
Results indicate that electronic PRO assessment in inpatient cancer care is feasible.
Scribble complex proteins can influence cell fate decisions and self-renewal capacity of hematopoietic cells. While specific cellular functions of Scribble complex members are conserved in mammalian hematopoiesis, they appear to be highly context dependent. Using CRISPR/Cas9-based genetic screening, we have identified Scribble complex-related liabilities in AML including LLGL1. Despite its reported suppressive function in HSC self-renewal, inactivation of LLGL1 in AML confirms its relevant role for proliferative capacity and development of AML. Its function was conserved in human and murine models of AML and across various genetic backgrounds. Inactivation of LLGL1 results in loss of stemness-associated gene-expression including HoxA-genes and induces a GMP-like phenotype in the leukemia stem cell compartment. Re-expression of HoxA9 facilitates functional and phenotypic rescue. Collectively, these data establish LLGL1 as a specific dependency and putative target in AML and emphasizes its cell-type specific functions.
Aims
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a signaling lipid, which is involved in several cellular processes including cell growth, proliferation, migration and apoptosis. The associations of serum S1P levels with cardiac geometry and function are still not clear. We investigated the associations of S1P with cardiac structure and systolic function in a population-based sample.
Methods and results
We performed cross-sectional analyses of 858 subjects (467 men; 54.4%), aged 22 to 81 years, from a sub-sample of the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND-0). We analyzed the associations of serum S1P with structural and systolic function left ventricular (LV) and left atrial (LA) parameters as determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using sex-stratified multivariable-adjusted linear regression models. In men, MRI data showed that a 1 µmol/L lower S1P concentration was associated with an 18.1 mL (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.66–32.6; p = 0.014) larger LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), a 0.46 mm (95% CI 0.04–0.89; p = 0.034) greater LV wall thickness (LVWT) and a 16.3 g (95% CI 6.55–26.1; p = 0.001) higher LV mass (LVM). S1P was also associated with a 13.3 mL/beat (95% CI 4.49–22.1; p = 0.003) greater LV stroke volume (LVSV), an 18.7 cJ (95% CI 6.43–30.9; p = 0.003) greater LV stroke work (LVSW) and a 12.6 mL (95% CI 1.03–24.3; p = 0.033) larger LA end-diastolic volume (LAEDV). We did not find any significant associations in women.
Conclusions
In this population-based sample, lower levels of S1P were associated with higher LV wall thickness and mass, larger LV and LA chamber sizes and greater stroke volume and work of the LV in men, but not in women. Our results indicate that lower levels of S1P were associated with parameters related with cardiac geometry and systolic function in men, but not in women.
Purpose
The WHO 2016 re-classification of myeloproliferative neoplasms resulted in a separation of essential thrombocythemia (ET) from the pre-fibrotic and fibrotic (overt) phases of primary myelofibrosis (MF). This study reports on a chart review conducted to evaluate the real life approach regarding clinical characteristics, diagnostic assessment, risk stratification and treatment decisions for MPN patients classified as ET or MF after implementation of the WHO 2016 classification.
Methods
In this retrospective chart review, 31 office-based hematologists/oncologists and primary care centers in Germany participated between April 2021 and May 2022. Physicians reported available data obtained from patient charts via paper–pencil based survey (secondary use of data). Patient features were evaluated using descriptive analysis, also including diagnostic assessment, therapeutic strategies and risk stratification.
Results
Data of 960 MPN patients diagnosed with essential thrombocythemia (ET) (n = 495) or myelofibrosis (MF) (n = 465) after implementation of the revised 2016 WHO classification of myeloid neoplasms was collected from the patient charts. While they met at least one minor WHO-criteria for primary myelofibrosis, 39.8% of those diagnosed with ET did not have histological BM testing at diagnosis. 63.4% of patients who were classified as having MF, however, did not obtain an early prognostic risk assessment. More than 50% of MF patients showed characteristics consistent with the pre-fibrotic phase, which was emphasized by the frequent use of cytoreductive therapy. Hydroxyurea was the most frequently used cytoreductive medication in 84.7% of ET and 53.1% of MF patients. While both ET and MF cohorts showed cardiovascular risk factors in more than 2/3 of the cases, the use of platelet inhibitors or anticoagulants varied between 56.8% in ET and 38.1% in MF patients.
Conclusions
Improved histopathologic diagnostics, dynamic risk stratification including genetic risk factors for cases of suspected ET and MF are recommended for precise risk assessment and therapeutic stratification according to WHO criteria.
Purpose
Outcomes of multiple myeloma (MM) patients who are refractory to daratumumab are dismal and no standard of treatment exists for this patients’ population. Here, we investigate the role of pomalidomide combinations in daratumumab-refractory MM patients.
Methods
We performed a retrospective analysis of myeloma patients treated at four referral centers (three in Germany and one in Italy). Review chart identified 30 patients with relapsed and refractory myeloma, who progressed during treatment with daratumumab and were treated with pomalidomide-based combinations in the subsequent lines of therapy.
Results
Responses improved from 37% with daratumumab to 53% with pomalidomide. Of seven patients with extramedullary MM (EMM), four achieved a clinical stabilization with pomalidomide, including one patient with a long-lasting complete response. Median progression-free survival and overall survival were 6 and 12 months, respectively. Pomalidomide combinations were well tolerated, no patient discontinued treatment due to adverse events.
Conclusion
These data show that pomalidomide-based combinations can be an effective and safe salvage regimen for daratumumab-refractory patients, including those with EMM.
Das wichtigste Ziel am Ende des Lebens im Rahmen der Palliativmedizin ist eine ausreichende Symptomkontrolle, um die Lebensqualität bestmöglich zu erhalten oder sogar zu steigern. Dennoch leiden weiterhin Menschen an ihren letzten Tagen an Schmerzen. Bei onkologischen Patienten spielt insbesondere der Durchbruchschmerz eine große Rolle. Es ist bekannt, dass Opioide wie unter anderem Morphin eine gute Möglichkeit bieten, die Beschwerden zu reduzieren. Bislang gibt es keine Übersichten oder Empfehlungen für mögliche Dosierungen. Weiterhin herrscht eine große Angst vor möglichen Nebenwirkungen und einer Überdosierung.
Ziel dieser Studie ist es zu helfen, die schmerzmedizinische Unterversorgung zu reduzieren. Durch eine individuelle Betrachtung der jeweiligen Tumorerkrankungen und ggf. Metastasierung ist es möglich, eine gezielte Opioidtherapie zu gewährleisten. Das Erheben der Schmerzstärken und die jeweils erhaltene Opioiddosierung helfen, Dosierungen besser an die tatsächlichen Schmerzen anzupassen. In dieser Arbeit wurde eine Übersicht zu den Opioiddosierungen entwickelt, um den Behandlern eine Unterstützung zu geben.
Für diese retrospektive Studie wurden die Daten von insgesamt 292 verstorbenen Tumorpatienten (ohne chronisches Schmerzsyndrom) auf der Palliativstation der Universität Greifswald im Zeitraum von 3 Jahren ausgewertet. Die durchschnittliche Liegedauer betrug 7,4 Tage. Patienten mit Bronchialkarzinom waren am häufigsten vertreten, Prostatakarzinom am seltensten. 11,6% litten an einem zweiten Primärtumor und fast Dreiviertel litten an einer Metastasierung. Lebermetastasen waren am häufigsten vertreten. Durchschnittlich litten die Patienten an Schmerzen in Ruhe von 2,7/10 am Aufnahmetag und von 1,1/10 am Sterbetag. Der Opioidbedarf schwankte am Aufnahmetag zwischen 0 und 1323 mg Opioid in Morphin-oral-Äquivalent mit durchschnittlich 117 mg. Am Sterbetag verdoppelte sich der Maximalwert auf 2778 mg und der Durchschnittswert stieg auf 211 mg Morphin-Oral-Äquivalent.
Patienten mit Kopf-Hals-Tumoren litten bei Aufnahme an den stärksten Schmerzen mit durchschnittlich 4 von 10 und benötigten signifikant höhere Opioiddosierungen (durchschnittlich 256 mg Morphin-Oral-Äquivalent). Das Vorhandensein von Metastasen verdoppelte im Gesamtkollektiv signifikant den Opioidbedarf am Sterbetag von durchschnittlich 113 mg auf 244 mg Morphin-Oral-Äquivalent.
Die Studie zeigt, dass teils deutlich höhere Opioiddosierungen als bisher in der Praxis üblich nötig sind, um das Ziel einer Schmerzstärke von 3/10 in Ruhe, bzw. 5/10 bei Belastung zu erreichen. Die herausgearbeitete Übersicht ermöglicht eine bessere Anpassung der nötigen Opioiddosierungen in Abhängigkeit der Tumorlokalisation und der jeweiligen Metastasierung am Ende des Lebens. Nicht zuletzt soll diese Arbeit dazu beitragen, Vorbehalte gegen eine zur Schmerzfreiheit notwendige, hoch erscheinende Opioiddosierung auszuräumen.
Gleichzeitig spielen in einem multimodalen Schmerzkonzept nicht nur Opioide eine wichtige Rolle. Vielmehr ist es ein interdisziplinäres Konzept, welches auf alle Aspekte des bio-psycho-sozialen Modelles eingehen muss, um eine optimale Behandlung für den Menschen am Ende des Lebens zu gewährleisten. Weiterhin sind insbesondere regelmäßige palliativmedizinische Fort- und Weiterbildungen aller Fachdisziplinen entscheidend, damit unter anderem im Bereich der Schmerzmedizin Aufklärung betrieben werden kann. Diese Studie und die daraus resultierenden Ergebnisse bilden einen wichtigen Schritt zum Erreichen einer adäquaten schmerzmedizinischen Versorgung am Ende des Lebens.
Background and Purpose
Development and progression of heart failure involve endothelial and myocardial dysfunction as well as a dysregulation of the NO-sGC-cGMP signalling pathway. Recently, we reported that the sGC stimulator riociguat has beneficial effects on cardiac remodelling and progression of heart failure in response to chronic pressure overload. Here, we examined if these beneficial effects of riociguat were also reflected in alterations of the myocardial proteome and microRNA profiles.
Experimental Approach
Male C57BL/6N mice underwent transverse aortic constriction (TAC) and sham-operated mice served as controls. TAC and sham animals were randomised and treated with either riociguat or vehicle for 5 weeks, starting 3 weeks after surgery, when cardiac hypertrophy was established. Afterwards, we performed mass spectrometric proteome analyses and microRNA sequencing of proteins and RNAs, respectively, isolated from left ventricles (LVs).
Key Results
TAC-induced changes of the LV proteome were significantly reduced by treatment with riociguat. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that riociguat improved TAC-induced cardiovascular disease-related pathways, metabolism and energy production, for example, reversed alterations in the levels of myosin heavy chain 7, cardiac phospholamban and ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 1. Riociguat also attenuated TAC-induced changes of microRNA levels in the LV.
Conclusion and Implications
The sGC stimulator riociguat exerted beneficial effects on cardiac structure and function during pressure overload, which was accompanied by a reversal of TAC-induced changes of the cardiac proteome and microRNA profile. Our data support the potential of riociguat as a novel therapeutic agent for heart failure.
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and a steady rising diagnosis for inpatient hospitalization. About one in four patients, who experience an episode of AP, will develop chronic pancreatitis (CP) over time. While the initiating causes of pancreatitis can be complex, they consistently elicit an immune response that significantly determines the severity and course of the disease. Overall, AP is associated with a significant mortality rate of 1-5%, which is caused by either an excessive pro-inflammation, or a strong compensatory inhibition of bacterial defense mechanisms which lead to a severe necrotizing form of pancreatitis. At the time-point of hospitalization the already initiated immune response is the only promising common therapeutic target to treat or prevent a severe disease course. However, the complexity of the immune response requires fine-balanced therapeutic intervention which in addition is limited by the fact that a significant proportion of patients is in danger of development or progress to recurrent and chronic disease. Based on the recent literature we survey the disease-relevant immune mechanisms and evaluate appropriate and promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of acute and chronic pancreatitis.
Mutations of the JAK2 gene are frequent aberrations in the aging hematopoietic system and in myeloid neoplasms. While JAK-inhibitors efficiently reduce hyperinflammation induced by the constitutively active mutated JAK2 kinase, the malignant clone and abundance of mutated cells remains rather unaffected. Here, we sought to assess for genetic vulnerabilities of JAK2-mutated clones. We identified lysine-specific demethylase KDM4C as a selective genetic dependency that persists upon JAK-inhibitor treatment. Genetic inactivation of KDM4C in human and murine JAK2-mutated cells resulted in loss of cell competition and reduced proliferation. These findings led to reduced disease penetrance and improved survival in xenograft models of human JAK2-mutated cells. KDM4C deleted cells showed alterations in target histone residue methylation and target gene expression, resulting in induction of cellular senescence. In summary, these data establish KDM4C as a specific dependency and therapeutic target in JAK2-mutated cells that is essential for oncogenic signaling and prevents induction of senescence.
Background
Previous data from a 2-year randomized controlled trial (CRAD001ADE12) indicated that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition by everolimus slowed cyst growth in patients with autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). During the trial, we noted body weight loss in some patients, particularly in women. We hypothesized that everolimus causes body weight reduction by reduced food intake and/or metabolic changes, which could lead to cachexia.
Methods
Within a sub-analysis of the CRAD001ADE12 trial, body weight course was investigated regarding sex-specific differences in 433 adult ADPKD patients (everolimus, n = 215; placebo, n = 218). One hundred four out of 111 patients who participated in the clinical trial centre in Berlin were evaluated under everolimus/placebo therapy (on drug: everolimus, n = 48; placebo, n = 56) and after therapy (off drug: everolimus, n = 15; placebo, n = 18). Eating habits and nutrient/caloric intake were evaluated by validated questionnaires. Systemic and local metabolism was evaluated in four patients after an oral glucose load (OGL) by using calorimetry and adipose/muscle tissue microdialysis.
Results
Within the 2-year CRAD001ADE12 trial, a significant body weight loss was observed in female patients on everolimus versus placebo (P = 0.0029). Data of the Berlin Cohort revealed that weight loss was greater in women on everolimus versus men (P < 0.01). After 9 months, women and men had lost 2.6 ± 3.8 and 0.8 ± 1.5 kg (P < 0.05) in body weight, respectively, and after 21 months, they had lost 4.1 ± 6.6 and 1.0 ± 3.3 kg (P < 0.05), respectively. On everolimus, caloric intake was significantly lower in women versus men (1510 ± 128 vs. 2264 ± 216 kcal/day, P < 0.05), caused mainly by a lower fat and protein intake in women versus men. Cognitive restraints, disinhibition and hunger remained unchanged. In a subgroup of patients resting metabolic rate was unchanged whereas OGL-induced thermogenesis was reduced (7 ± 2 vs. 11 ± 2 kcal, P < 0.05). Fasting and OGL-induced fat oxidation was increased (P < 0.05) on versus off everolimus. In adipose tissue, fasting lipolytic activity was increased, but lipolytic activity was inhibited similarly after the OGL on versus off everolimus, respectively. In skeletal muscle, postprandial glucose uptake and aerobic glycolysis was reduced in patients on everolimus.
Conclusions
mTOR inhibition by everolimus induces body weight reduction, specifically in female patients. This effect is possibly caused by a centrally mediated reduced food (fat and protein) intake and by centrally/peripherally mediated increased fat oxidation (systemic) and mobilization (adipose tissue). Glucose uptake and oxidation might be reduced in skeletal muscle. This could lead to cachexia and, possibly, muscle wasting. Therefore, our results have important implications for patients recieving immune-suppressive mTOR inhibition therapy.
Acute pancreatitis (AP), which is characterized by self-digestion of the pancreas by its own prematurely activated digestive proteases, is a major reason for hospitalization. The autodigestive process causes necrotic cell death of pancreatic acinar cells and the release of damage associated molecular pattern which activate macrophages and drive the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The MYD88/IRAK signaling pathway plays an important role for the induction of inflammatory responses. Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase-3 (IRAK3) is a counter-regulator of this pathway. In this study, we investigated the role of MYD88/IRAK using Irak3−/− mice in two experimental animal models of mild and severe AP. IRAK3 is expressed in macrophages as well as pancreatic acinar cells where it restrains NFκB activation. Deletion of IRAK3 enhanced the migration of CCR2+ monocytes into the pancreas and triggered a pro-inflammatory type 1 immune response characterized by significantly increased serum levels of TNFα, IL-6, and IL-12p70. Unexpectedly, in a mild AP model this enhanced pro-inflammatory response resulted in decreased pancreatic damage, whereas in a severe AP model, induced by partial pancreatic duct ligation, the increased pro-inflammatory response drives a severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and is associated with an increased local and systemic damage. Our results indicate that complex immune regulation mechanism control the course of AP, where moderate pro-inflammation not necessarily associates with increased disease severity but also drives tissue regenerative processes through a more effective clearance of necrotic acinar cells. Only when the pro-inflammation exceeds a certain systemic level, it fuels SIRS and increases disease severity.
Background and aims
Prevention measures for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have shifted their focus from lipoproteins to the immune system. However, low-grade inflammation and dyslipidemia are tightly entangled. The objective of this study was to assess the relations between a broad panel of inflammatory biomarkers and lipoprotein subclass parameters.
Methods
We utilized data from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND, n = 403). Plasma concentrations of 37 inflammatory markers were measured by a bead-based assay. Furthermore, we employed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure total cholesterol, total triglycerides, total phospholipids as well as the fractional concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, ApoA1, ApoA2 and ApoB in all major lipoprotein subclasses. Associations between inflammatory biomarkers and lipoprotein subclasses were analyzed by adjusted linear regression models.
Results
APRIL, BAFF, TWEAK, sCD30, Pentraxin-3, sTNFR1, sTNFR2, Osteocalcin, Chitinase 3-like 1, IFN-alpha2, IFN-gamma, IL-11, IL-12p40, IL-29, IL-32, IL-35, TSLP, MMP1 and MMP2 were related with lipoprotein subclass components, forming two distinct clusters. APRIL had inverse relations to HDL-C (total and subclasses) and HDL Apo-A1 and Apo-A2 content. MMP-2 was inversely related to VLDL-C (total and subclasses), IDL-C as well as LDL5/6-C and VLDL-TG, IDL-TG, total triglycerides as well as LDL5/5-TG and HDL4-TG. Additionally, we identified a cluster of cytokines linked to the Th1-immune response, which were associated with an atherogenic lipoprotein profile.
Conclusion
Our findings expand the existing knowledge of inflammation-lipoprotein interactions, many of which are suggested to be involved in the pathogeneses of chronic non-communicable diseases. The results of our study support the use of immunomodulatory substances for the treatment and possibly prevention of CVD.
Plasma levels of myeloid differentiation factor-2 (MD-2), a co-receptor of toll-like-receptor 4 (TLR4), independently predict mortality in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). We tested whether monocyte activation by MD-2 contributes to immune activation and inflammatory status in DCM patients. We found increased MD-2 plasma levels in 25 patients with recent-onset DCM (1250 ± 80.7 ng/ml) compared to 25 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (793.4 ± 52.0 ng/ml; p < 0.001). Monocytes isolated from DCM patients showed a higher expression (141.7 ± 12.4%; p = 0.006 vs. controls) of the MD-2 encoding gene, LY96 and an increased NF-κB-activation. Further, the TLR4-activator lipopolysaccharide (LPS) caused a higher increase in interleukin (IL)-6 in monocytes from DCM patients compared to controls (mean fluorescence intensity: 938.7 ± 151.0 vs. 466.9 ± 51.1; p = 0.005). MD-2 increased IL-6 secretion in a TLR4/NF-κB-dependent manner in monocyte-like THP-1-cells as demonstrated by TLR4-siRNA and NF-κB-inhibition. Since endothelial cells (ECs) are responsible for recruiting monocytes to the site of inflammation, ECs were treated with MD-2 leading to an activation of Akt and increased secretion of monocyte-chemoattractant-protein-1 (MCP-1). Activation of ECs by MD-2 was accompanied by an increased expression of the adhesion molecules CD54, CD106 and CD62E, resulting in an increased monocyte recruitment, which was attenuated by CD54 inhibition. In addition, in murine WT but not LY96-KO bone marrow-derived macrophages LPS increased the amount of CD54 and CD49d/CD29. MD-2 facilitates a pro-inflammatory status of monocytes and EC-mediated monocyte recruitment via TLR4/NF-κB. Elevated MD-2 plasma levels are possibly involved in monocyte-related inflammation-promoting disease progression in DCM. Our results suggest that MD-2 contributes to increasing monocytic inflammatory activity and triggers the recruitment of monocytes to ECs in DCM.
Purpose
Oxidative stress has been linked to initiation and progression of cancer and recent studies have indicated a potential translational role regarding modulation of ROS in various cancers, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Detailed understanding of the complex machinery regulating ROS including its producer elements in cancer is required to define potential translational therapeutic use. Based on previous studies in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) models, we considered NADPH oxidase (NOX) family members, specifically NOX4 as a potential target in AML.
Methods
Pharmacologic inhibition and genetic inactivation of NOX4 in murine and human models of AML were used to understand its functional role. For genetic inactivation, CRISPR-Cas9 technology was used in human AML cell lines in vitro and genetically engineered knockout mice for Nox4 were used for deletion of Nox4 in hematopoietic cells via Mx1-Cre recombinase activation.
Results
Pharmacologic NOX inhibitors and CRISPR-Cas9-mediated inactivation of NOX4 and p22-phox (an essential NOX component) decreased proliferative capacity and cell competition in FLT3-ITD-positive human AML cells. In contrast, conditional deletion of Nox4 enhanced the myeloproliferative phenotype of an FLT3-ITD induced knock-in mouse model. Finally, Nox4 inactivation in normal hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) caused a minor reduction in HSC numbers and reconstitution capacity.
Conclusion
The role of NOX4 in myeloid malignancies appears highly context-dependent and its inactivation results in either enhancing or inhibitory effects. Therefore, targeting NOX4 in FLT3-ITD positive myeloid malignancies requires additional pre-clinical assessment.
Background
We investigated the association between low cardiorespiratory fitness and liver fat content (LFC) in the general population.
Materials and Methods
We evaluated data from 2151 adults (51.1% women) from two population-based cohorts of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-2 and SHIP-TREND-0). We analysed the cross-sectional associations of peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) with LFC, assessed by magnetic resonance imaging proton density fat fraction, as well as serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and aminotransferase concentrations by multivariable regression models.
Results
We observed significant inverse associations of VO2peak with LFC and serum GGT, but not with serum aminotransferase levels. Specifically, a 1 L/min lower VO2peak was associated with a 1.09% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.45-1.73; P = .002) higher LFC and a 0.18 μkatal/L (95% CI: 0.09-0.26; P < .001) higher GGT levels. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for the risk of prevalent hepatic steatosis (HS) by a 1 L/min decrease in VO2peak was 1.61 (95% CI: 1.22-2.13; P = .001). Compared to subjects with high VO2peak, obese and overweight individuals with low VO2peak had 1.78% (95% CI: 0.32-3.25; P = .017) and 0.94% (95% CI: 0.15-1.74; P = .021) higher mean LFC, respectively. Compared to those with high VO2peak, low VO2peak was independently associated with a higher risk of prevalent HS in the obese (adjusted-OR 2.29, 95% CI=1.48-3.56; P < .001) and overweight (adjusted OR 1.57, 95% CI=1.16-2.14; P = .04) groups.
Conclusions
Lower VO2peak was significantly associated with greater LFC and higher serum GGT levels in a population-based cohort of adult individuals. Our results suggest that low VO2peak might be a risk factor for HS.
The establishment of a guideline for long-term noninvasive ventilation treatment (LTH-NIV) of acute hypercapnic exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) requiring acute ventilation has proven elusive. Most studies thus far have shown no mortality benefit of long-term noninvasive ventilation treatment. Using retrospective analysis of the data of our patients (n = 143) recruited from 2012 to 2019, we aimed to compare patients discharged with and without long-term noninvasive ventilation. The follow-up results showed no significant difference (p = 0.233) between the groups [LTH-NIV (n = 83); non-NIV (n = 60)] regarding readmission due to clinical worsening. However, the first- and second-year survival rates were 82% and 72%, respectively, in the LTH-NIV group and significantly different (p = 0.023) from 67 and 55% in the non-NIV group. The statistical models showed a significant mortality risk for the non-NIV group, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.82 (1.31; 6.03). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the mortality benefit of long-term NIV therapy for patients with AECOPD under real-world conditions.
Background
Sepsis-induced intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICUAW) features profound muscle atrophy and attenuated muscle regeneration related to malfunctioning satellite cells. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is involved in both processes. We uncovered an increased expression of the TGF-β receptor II (TβRII)-inhibitor SPRY domain-containing and SOCS-box protein 1 (SPSB1) in skeletal muscle of septic mice. We hypothesized that SPSB1-mediated inhibition of TβRII signalling impairs myogenic differentiation in response to inflammation.
Methods
We performed gene expression analyses in skeletal muscle of cecal ligation and puncture- (CLP) and sham-operated mice, as well as vastus lateralis of critically ill and control patients. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and specific pathway inhibitors were used to quantitate Spsb1 expression in myocytes. Retroviral expression plasmids were used to investigate the effects of SPSB1 on TGF-β/TβRII signalling and myogenesis in primary and immortalized myoblasts and differentiated myotubes. For mechanistical analyses we used coimmunoprecipitation, ubiquitination, protein half-life, and protein synthesis assays. Differentiation and fusion indices were determined by immunocytochemistry, and differentiation factors were quantified by qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses.
Results
SPSB1 expression was increased in skeletal muscle of ICUAW patients and septic mice. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6 increased the Spsb1 expression in C2C12 myotubes. TNF- and IL-1β-induced Spsb1 expression was mediated by NF-κB, whereas IL-6 increased the Spsb1 expression via the glycoprotein 130/JAK2/STAT3 pathway. All cytokines reduced myogenic differentiation. SPSB1 avidly interacted with TβRII, resulting in TβRII ubiquitination and destabilization. SPSB1 impaired TβRII-Akt-Myogenin signalling and diminished protein synthesis in myocytes. Overexpression of SPSB1 decreased the expression of early (Myog, Mymk, Mymx) and late (Myh1, 3, 7) differentiation-markers. As a result, myoblast fusion and myogenic differentiation were impaired. These effects were mediated by the SPRY- and SOCS-box domains of SPSB1. Co-expression of SPSB1 with Akt or Myogenin reversed the inhibitory effects of SPSB1 on protein synthesis and myogenic differentiation. Downregulation of Spsb1 by AAV9-mediated shRNA attenuated muscle weight loss and atrophy gene expression in skeletal muscle of septic mice.
Conclusions
Inflammatory cytokines via their respective signalling pathways cause an increase in SPSB1 expression in myocytes and attenuate myogenic differentiation. SPSB1-mediated inhibition of TβRII-Akt-Myogenin signalling and protein synthesis contributes to a disturbed myocyte homeostasis and myogenic differentiation that occurs during inflammation.
Endoscopic and Histopathological Characteristics of Gastrointestinal Lymphoma: A Multicentric Study
(2023)
Background: Extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is more prevalent in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract than in other sites. This study aimed to determine the endoscopic characteristics of primary gastrointestinal non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Methods: We investigated 140 patients from three tertiary referral hospitals with primary malignant lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract. Characteristics of the lesions were evaluated and analyzed using image-enhanced endoscopy, endoscopic ultrasound, and histopathology. Results: The median age was 60.5 (range: 11–99), and 59 (42.1%) were female. The most frequent complaint was abdominal pain (74.3%), followed by bloody feces (10%) and diarrhea (2.9%). B symptoms were observed in 15 (10.7%) patients. GI obstruction was the most common complication (10.0%), followed by hemorrhage (7.9%) and perforation (1.5%). Regarding endoscopic findings, the identified sites were the following: the stomach (61.4%), colon (10%), small intestine (10%), ileocecum (8.6%), rectum (6.4%), and duodenum (3.6%). Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma are most prevalent in the stomach. Helicobacter pylori was identified in 46 cases (39.0%), with MALT lymphoma being the most infected subtype. Nearly all gastrointestinal non-Hodgkin lymphomas manifested as superficial type (25–59.6%) and ulcer type (15.6–50%) under endoscopy. We found that fungating type and protruding with ulcer type were more frequent types of aggressive lymphomas (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and T-cell lymphoma) compared to the indolent types (MALT lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, duodenal-type follicular lymphoma, and small lymphocytic lymphoma) (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This study showed that most subtypes of gastrointestinal non-Hodgkin lymphomas exhibited same endoscopic features (superficial type and ulcer type). Aggressive gastrointestinal non-Hodgkin lymphomas (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and T-cell lymphoma) were highly suspected when fungating lesions and protruding with ulcer lesions were encountered under endoscopy. Endoscopists should be aware of the connection between enhanced endoscopic characteristics and histological varieties of gastrointestinal lymphoma to improve diagnosis.
Homoarginine (hArg) is a non-essential cationic amino acid which inhibits hepatic alkaline phosphatases to exert inhibitory effects on bile secretion by targeting intrahepatic biliary epithelium. We analyzed (1) the relationship between hArg and liver biomarkers in two large population-based studies and (2) the impact of hArg supplementation on liver biomarkers. We assessed the relationship between alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatases (AP), albumin, total bilirubin, cholinesterase, Quick’s value, liver fat, and Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) and hArg in appropriately adjusted linear regression models. We analyzed the effect of L-hArg supplemention (125 mg L-hArg daily for 4 weeks) on these liver biomarkers. We included 7638 individuals (men: 3705; premenopausal women: 1866, postmenopausal women: 2067). We found positive associations for hArg and ALT (β 0.38 µkatal/L 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.29; 0.48), AST (β 0.29 µkatal/L 95% CI 0.17; 0.41), GGT (β 0.033 µkatal/L 95% CI 0.014; 0.053), Fib-4 score (β 0.08 95% CI 0.03; 0.13), liver fat content (β 0.016% 95% CI 0.006; 0.026), albumin (β 0.030 g/L 95% CI 0.019; 0.040), and cholinesterase (β 0.003 µkatal/L 95% CI 0.002; 0.004) in males. In premenopausal women hArg was positively related with liver fat content (β 0.047% 95%CI 0.013; 0.080) and inversely with albumin (β − 0.057 g/L 95% CI − 0.073; − 0.041). In postmenopausal women hARG was positively associated with AST (β 0.26 µkatal/L 95% CI 0.11; 0.42). hArg supplementation did not affect liver biomarkers. We summarize that hArg may be a marker of liver dysfunction and should be explored further.
Background
Primary muscular disorders (metabolic myopathies, including mitochondrial disorders) are a rare cause of dyspnea. We report a case of dyspnea caused by a mitochondrial disorder with a pattern of clinical findings that can be classified in the known pathologies of mitochondrial deletion syndrome.
Case presentation
The patient presented to us at 29 years of age, having had tachycardia, dyspnea, and functional impairment since childhood. She had been diagnosed with bronchial asthma and mild left ventricular hypertrophy and treated accordingly, but her symptoms had worsened. After more than 20 years of progressive physical and social limitations was a mitochondrial disease suspected in the exercise testing. We performed cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) with right heart catheterization showed typical signs of mitochondrial myopathy. Genetic testing confirmed the presence of a ~ 13 kb deletion in mitochondrial DNA from the muscle. The patient was treated with dietary supplements for 1 year. In the course of time, the patient gave birth to a healthy child, which is developing normally.
Conclusion
CPET and lung function data over 5 years demonstrated stable disease. We conclude that CPET and lung function analysis should be used consistently to evaluate the cause of dyspnea and for long-term observation.
Introduction
Patients with bariatric surgery often show poor long-term compliance to recommendations for prevention of nutrient deficiency but it is unclear which factors contribute. We investigated the associations of age, sex, and socioeconomic status (SES) with adherence to guideline recommendations on protein intake and micronutrient supplementation.
Methods
In a monocentric cross-sectional study we prospectively recruited patients with sleeve gastrectomy (SG) or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and a minimum postoperative period of 6 months. Clinical and demographic data were obtained from the patients’ medical files and by questionnaire. Patients reported on supplement usage, recorded their dietary intake for seven days and underwent physical examinations including blood testing.
Results
We included 35 patients (SG: n = 25, RYGB: n = 10) with a mean (+SD) postoperative period of 20.2 (±10.4) months. Distributions of age, sex and SES were comparable between the SG and RYGB groups. Non-adherence to recommended protein intake was associated with age ≥ 50 years (p = 0.041) but not sex or SES. Protein intake inversely correlated with markers of obesity. There were no significant associations of age or sex with micronutrient supplementation. Only for vitamins A (p = 0.049) and B1 (p = 0.047) higher SES was associated with greater compliance. The only manifest deficiency associated with non-adherence to micronutrient supplementation was that for folic acid (p = 0.044).
Conclusion
In patients after bariatric surgery, those of older age and of lower SES might have a greater risk of unfavorable outcome and may require greater attention to micronutrient and protein supplementation.
Body surface scan anthropometrics are related to cardiorespiratory fitness in the general population
(2022)
The assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is an important tool for prognosis evaluation of cardiovascular events. The gold standard to measure CRF is cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) to determine peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak). However, CPET is not only time consuming but also expensive and is therefore not widely applicable in daily practice. The aim of our study was to analyze, whether and which anthropometric markers derived from a 3D body scanner were related to VO2peak in a general population-based study. We analyzed data (SHIP-START-3) from 3D body scanner and CPET of 1035 subjects (529 women; 51.1%, age range 36–93). A total of 164 anthropometric markers were detected with the 3D body scanner VITUS Smart XXL using the software AnthroScan Professional. Anthropometric measurements were standardized and associated with CRF by sex-stratified linear regression models adjusted for age and height. Anthropometric markers were ranked according to the − log- p values derived from these regression models. In men a greater left and right thigh-knee-ratio, a longer forearm-fingertip length, a greater left thigh circumference and greater left upper arm circumference were most strongly associated with a higher VO2peak. In women a greater left and right thigh circumference, left calf circumference, thigh thickness and right calf circumference were most strongly associated with a higher VO2peak. The detected VO2peak-related anthropometric markers could be helpful in assessing CRF in clinical routine. Commonly used anthropometric markers, e.g. waist and hip circumference, were not among the markers associated with VO2peak.
BCL11B, an essential transcription factor for thymopoiesis, regulates also vital processes in post-thymic lymphocytes. Increased expression of BCL11B was recently correlated with the maturation of NK cells, whereas reduced BCL11B levels were observed in native and induced T cell subsets displaying NK cell features. We show that BCL11B-depleted CD8+ T cells stimulated with IL-15 acquired remarkable innate characteristics. These induced innate CD8+ (iiT8) cells expressed multiple innate receptors like NKp30, CD161, and CD16 as well as factors regulating migration and tissue homing while maintaining their T cell phenotype. The iiT8 cells effectively killed leukemic cells spontaneously and neuroblastoma spheroids in the presence of a tumor-specific monoclonal antibody mediated by CD16 receptor activation. These iiT8 cells integrate the innate natural killer cell activity with adaptive T cell longevity, promising an interesting therapeutic potential. Our study demonstrates that innate T cells, albeit of limited clinical applicability given their low frequency, can be efficiently generated from peripheral blood and applied for adoptive transfer, CAR therapy, or combined with therapeutic antibodies.
Myogenic Vasoconstriction Requires Canonical Gq/11 Signaling of the Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor
(2022)
Background
Blood pressure and tissue perfusion are controlled in part by the level of intrinsic (myogenic) arterial tone. However, many of the molecular determinants of this response are unknown. We previously found that mice with targeted disruption of the gene encoding the angiotensin II type 1a receptor (AT1AR) (Agtr1a), the major murine angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) isoform, showed reduced myogenic tone; however, uncontrolled genetic events (in this case, gene ablation) can lead to phenotypes that are difficult or impossible to interpret.
Methods and Results
We tested the mechanosensitive function of AT1R using tamoxifen‐inducible smooth muscle‐specific AT1aR knockout (smooth muscle‐Agtr1a−/−) mice and studied downstream signaling cascades mediated by Gq/11 and/or β‐arrestins. FR900359, Sar1Ile4Ile8‐angiotensin II (SII), TRV120027 and TRV120055 were used as selective Gq/11 inhibitor and biased agonists to activate noncanonical β‐arrestin and canonical Gq/11 signaling of the AT1R, respectively. Myogenic and Ang II‐induced constrictions were diminished in the perfused renal vasculature, mesenteric and cerebral arteries of smooth muscle‐Agtr1a−/− mice. Similar effects were observed in arteries of global mutant Agtr1a−/− but not Agtr1b−/− mice. FR900359 decreased myogenic tone and angiotensin II‐induced constrictions whereas selective biased targeting of AT1R‐β‐arrestin signaling pathways had no effects.
Conclusions
This study demonstrates that myogenic arterial constriction requires Gq/11‐dependent signaling pathways of mechanoactivated AT1R but not G protein‐independent, noncanonical pathways in smooth muscle cells.
Sex-specific associations of cardiorespiratory fitness and galectin-3 in the general population
(2022)
Aims
Low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is associated with greater mortality and morbidity. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a prognostic biomarker for fibrosis and heart failure. Gal-3 is also associated with a greater risk for cardiovascular mortality. Whether CRF is related with Gal-3 is unclear. The objective of this study was to assess the sex-specific associations of CRF and Gal-3 levels in the general population.
Methods
Gal-3 concentrations were determined using a sandwich enzyme immunoassay in the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND-0). Sex-stratified linear regression models adjusted for age, current smoking status, and renal function were used. Individuals with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <40%, previous myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, chronic lung disease, severe renal disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min/mm2), a history of cancer, and extreme values for Gal-3 (<1st percentile; >99th percentile) were excluded.
Results
A total of n = 1515 participants with a median age of 49 (IQR: 39–60 years, 48% males) were included. In men, a 1 L/min greater VO2peak was significantly related to 0.50 ng/mL (95% CI −0.8068 to −0.1938, P < 0.01) less Gal-3. In males, a 1 mL/min/kg higher VO2peak adjusted for body weight was associated with −0.0286 ng/mL (95% CI −0.0052 to −0.0005, P = 0.02) less Gal-3. When VO2peak was adjusted for lean mass 1 mL/kg/min more was correlated with a −0.0022 ng/mL (95% CI −0.0043 to -0.0007, P = 0.04) less Gal-3. In women, VO2peak (β −0.2046 95% CI −0.6541 to 0.2449, P = 0.37) and VO2peak adjusted for lean mass (β −0.0019 95% CI −0.0421 to –0.0050, P = 0.12) were not related with Gal-3, whereas a 1 mL/min/kg higher VO2peak adjusted for body weight was significantly associated with a −0.0064 ng/mL lower Gal-3 (95% CI −0.0092 to -0.0035, P < 0.01). There were no differences between pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women.
Conclusions
VO2peak was associated with Gal-3 only in men, but VO2peak adjusted for body weight in women and men. Our results suggest that the adverse consequences of low CRF may be mediated by Gal-3. Further research is needed to understand the sex-specific association between CRF and Gal-3 and whether they are clinically relevant.
Studies comparing thermodilution (TD) and the direct Fick method (dFM) for cardiac output (CO) measurement are rare. We compared CO measurements between TD (2–5 cold water injections), the dFM, and indirect Fick method (iFM) at rest and during exercise, and assessed the effect of averaging different numbers of TD measurements during exercise. This retrospective study included 300 patients (52.3% women, mean age 66 ± 11 years) having pulmonary hypertension (76.0%) or unexplained dyspnea. Invasive hemodynamic and gas exchange parameters were measured at rest (supine; n = 300) and during unloaded cycling (semi-supine; n = 275) and 25-W exercise (semi-supine; n = 240). All three methods showed significant differences in CO measurement (ΔCO) at rest (p ≤ 0.001; ΔCO > 1 L/min: 45.0% [iFM vs. dFM], 42.0% [iFM vs. TD], and 45.7% [TD vs. dFM]). ΔCO (TD vs. dFM) was significant during unloaded cycling (p < 0.001; ΔCO > 1 L/min: 56.6%) but not during 25-W exercise (p = 0.137; ΔCO > 1 L/min: 52.8%). ΔCO (TD vs. dFM) during 25-W exercise was significant when using one or two (p ≤ 0.01) but not three (p = 0.06) TD measurements. Mean ΔCO (TD [≥3 measurements] vs. dFM) was −0.43 ± 1.98 and −0.06 ± 2.29 L/min during unloaded and 25-W exercise, respectively. Thus, TD and dFM CO measurements are comparable during 25-W exercise (averaging ≥3 TD measurements), but not during unloaded cycling or at rest. Individual ΔCOs vary substantially and require critical interpretation to avoid CO misclassification.
Small animal models are frequently used to improve our understanding of the molecular and biological signaling pathways underlying the beneficial effects of physical activity and exercise. Unfortunately, when running wheels are employed, mice and rats are often kept single-housed to determine the individual running distance of each animal. However, social isolation can be stressful for rodents, and may alter an individual’s propensity for or response to exercise. For example, increased stress from single housing may significantly affect the results when investigating systemic metabolic responses to exercise. We have combined two already available and well-established systems, a radiotelemetry system and a running wheel, to determine spontaneous cage activity (SCA) as well as voluntary exercise (VE) levels of the individual animal in group-housed rodents. Further, we developed a simple software tool which allows monitoring and analyzing the data. Specifically, the radiotelemetry-system utilizes radio-frequency identification via a small, implanted chip to determine the location of each animal. Since, in addition to the animals’ position, also the location of the running wheel in the cage is known, the conclusion of which animal is exercising can be drawn. The developed software enables a fast and reliable assignment of the VE data to the individual animal and a simple analysis of the data collected. Hence, our combined method may be used to investigate the beneficial effects of physical activity, as well as the impact of therapeutic interventions on animal behavior in group-housed rodents.
Although the outcome of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has
improved in the past decades, the overall survival is below 50% [1, 2] and there
is still an unmet need for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Here,
we aimed to identify functional vulnerabilities in AML and investigated the
therapeutic potential of target structures involved in proteostasis, cell polarity and
RNA-binding molecular pathways.
We determined that genetic deletion of the cell fate determinant and polarity
regulator Scribble delays AML development, however, its deletion also seems to
affect the proliferative capacity of normal hematopoietic cells, lowering its value
as a therapeutic target. In contrast, inactivation of YBX1 (a pleiotropic protein with
DNA/RNA binding capacity that excerpts post-transcriptional control on its
targets) and PSMB8/LMP7 (a catalytic subunit of the immunoproteasome multiprotein
complex that belongs to the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS)) inhibit
leukemic cells without influencing normal hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell
function, establishing these targets as potential novel therapeutic strategies
against AML.
Genetic deletion of YBX1 caused reduced proliferation and colony forming
capacity in leukemic cells independent of the oncogenic driver mutation and
delayed AML development in vivo. The role of Ybx1 in leukemia maintenance
was investigated using a conditional knockout model, confirming the functional
requirement of Ybx1 in AML maintenance. Mechanistically, YBX1 recruited
oncogenic transcripts to polysomes, increasing their translation. Displacement of
these transcripts from polysomes after YBX1 deletion decreased their protein
expression.
Genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of PSMB8/LMP7 decreased proliferation
and colony forming capacity selectively in KMT2A (MLL)-rearranged leukemic
cells. In vivo treatment with a PSMB8/LMP7 inhibitor delayed disease
development in KMT2A-rearranged leukemic mice or patient derived xenografts
(PDX). We identified the transcriptional corepressor BASP1 as a functional
effector of the immunoproteasome. BASP1 was enriched after PSMB8/LMP7
inhibition and it was found binding to KMT2A-target genes. Moreover,
pharmacologic inhibition of PSMB8/LMP7 led to decreased expression of bonafide
KMT2A-fusion target genes and enrichment for genes deregulated by
inhibitors of the KMT2A complex partners DOT1L and MEN1. This prompted us
to investigate a potential synergism between MEN1 inhibition and
immunoproteasome inhibition. Combination treatment in AML cells revealed
decreased proliferation in vitro and increased survival in vivo as compared to the
single treatments, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of combining
immunoproteasome and MEN1 inhibitors.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden neben dem Herzinsuffizienzmarker NT-proBNP die TLR4 Korezeptoren CD14 und LBP sowie die TLR4 Aktivatoren HMGB1 und LPS, hinsichtlich ihrer Assoziation mit dem Sterblichkeitsrisiko in DCM Patienten untersucht. Dabei konnte erstmals gezeigt dass, HMGB1 mit einer gesteigerten Sterblichkeit bei DCM Patienten assoziiert ist.
Aufgrund methodischer Einschränkungen, die mit der geringen Stichprobengröße und der Tatsache zusammenhängen, dass nur die Gesamtmortalität als Ergebnis ausgewertet werden konnte, war die Entwicklung eines umfassenden Vorhersagemodells als potenzieller klinischer Score unter Einbeziehung von HMGB1 bei DCM-Patienten nicht möglich.
Ein kausaler Zusammenhang zwischen erhöhten HMGB1-Spiegeln und TLR4-Aktivierung wurde nicht direkt untersucht. Auf der Grundlage der vorliegenden Daten und in Anbetracht der Tatsache, dass die angeborene Immunität eine Rolle bei der Pathogenese der Herzinsuffizienz spielt, ist es denkbar, dass HMGB1 auch eine Rolle bei der Pathogenese der DCM spielt.
Um zu untersuchen, ob die Quantifizierung von HMGB1 die Risikostratifizierung von DCM-Patienten im Hinblick auf die Vorhersage des Krankheitsverlaufs und verfeinerter Endpunkte wie HF-Hospitalisierung oder kardiovaskuläre Mortalität verbessert, sind weitere prospektive Studien mit größeren DCM-Kohorten erforderlich.
Bei der chronisch obstruktiven Lungenerkrankung handelt es sich um eine pulmonale Erkrankung mit persistierender respiratorischer Symptomatik. Für die Erkrankung pathognomonisch ist eine Atemflussminderung aufgrund einer progressiven Atemwegsobstruktion. Trotz individueller Krankheitsverläufe und verschiedenen klinischen Phänotypen resultiert häufig eine chronisch respiratorische Insuffizienz mit obstruktiver Ventilationsstörung, welche sich limitierend auf die Überlebenszeit auswirkt und die Wahrscheinlichkeit für wiederholte Hospitalisierungen erhöht. Die nichtinvasive Beatmung stellt seit Jahren eine etablierte und anerkannte Therapieoption der akuten respiratorischen Insuffizienz bei COPD-Patienten da. Weniger eindeutig verhält sich jedoch die Studienlage bezüglich der Etablierung einer langfristigen außerklinischen NIV-Therapie bei COPD-Patienten mit chronisch respiratorischer Insuffizienz. Kurz- und Langzeiteffekte dieser Therapieoption bei chronisch respiratorischer Insuffizienz wurden in den letzten 20 Jahren nur in wenigen Publikationen untersucht und es konnte kein Vorteil hinsichtlich des Überlebens von Patienten mit Überleitung auf eine LTH-NIV-Therapie gezeigt werden. Ziel dieser retrospektiven Studie war es, die Auswirkungen der NIV-Therapie auf das Langzeitüberleben und die Rehospitalisierung zu untersuchen und mögliche Einflussfaktoren bzw. Prädiktoren auf diese zu identifizieren. Zur Beantwortung der Fragestellung wurden 151 Patienten in die Studie eingeschlossen, welche sich in dem Zeitraum vom 01.01.2012 bis 30.06.2019 aufgrund einer akuten nicht-invasiven Beatmungsnotwenigkeit bei AECOPD in den Abteilungen für innere Medizin der UMG in Behandlung befanden. Vom Gesamtkollektiv wurden 83 Patienten im Anschluss an den Indexkrankenhausaufenthalt direkt auf eine LTH-NIV-Therapie eingestellt. Die Non-NIV-Gruppe bildeten 68 Patienten, welche ohne Überleitung auf eine LTH-NIV-Therapie nach dem Indexaufenthalt aus dem Krankenhaus entlassen wurden. Über ein Follow-up von zwei Jahren wurden Blutgasanalysen, Beatmungsparameter, Rehospitalisierungen und die Mortalität betrachtet. Es wurden eine Überlebenszeitanalyse nach der Kaplan-Meier-Methode sowie eine Cox-Regression zur Analyse mehrerer Einflussgrößen auf das Überleben im Gruppenvergleich durchgeführt.
In der vorliegenden retrospektiven Datenauswertung von COPD-Patienten mit akuter nicht-invasiver Beatmungsnotwendigkeit im Rahmen einer AECOPD, konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Einstellung auf eine LTH-NIV-Therapie das Überleben in einem zweijährigen Beobachtungszeitraum signifikant (p=0,027) verbessert. Das 24-Monats-Risiko einer Rehospitalisierung lag in der LTH-NIV-Gruppe bei 41% gegenüber 55,9% in der Non-NIV-Gruppe. Dieses Ergebnis verfehlte nur knapp die statistische Signifikanz (p=0,053). In der statistischen Testung ergab sich ein verringertes Mortalitätsrisiko bei den Patienten, die im direkten Anschluss an eine AECOPD auf eine LTH-NIV-Therapie übergeleitet wurden [HR: 0,37 (0,17; 0,79)].
Der Fokus der vorliegenden Studie lag auf der Untersuchung der Beziehung
zwischen CRF und RV-Struktur und Funktion in einer großen, bevölkerungsbasierten
Kohorte bestehend aus weitgehend körperlich inaktiven Erwachsenen. Damit
widmete sich diese Studie einer aktuellen Problemstellung, da die Bevölkerung
aufgrund des demographischen Wandels stets älter wird und der Prozentsatz an
körperlich inaktiven Erwachsenen bereits jetzt schon ein hohes Niveau erreicht hat
und zusätzlich bisher noch wenige Informationen für den RV-Umbau vorliegen.
Die Kohorte umfasste 2 844 Proband:innen aus zwei unabhängigen SHIP-Kohorten,
die eine CPET für die Bestimmung der VO2peak absolvierten.
Ein weiterer wesentlicher Aspekt der Studie waren die beiden unterschiedlichen
bildgebenden Verfahren, die zur Bestimmung der RV-Struktur und Funktion
verwendet wurden. Alle Proband:innen erhielten eine Echokardiographie und 941
Proband:innen zusätzlich eine cMRT.
Die Ergebnisse, zusammengefasst in Abbildung 6, zeigen letztendlich, dass eine
geringere CRF mit einer kleineren Kammergröße und einer geringeren systolischen
Funktion, einem geringeren Schlagvolumen und einer geringeren Herzleistung des
rechten Herzens verbunden ist.
Dieser Zusammenhang könnte die zuvor beschriebene altersbedingte Abnahme der
Herzgröße erklären, wobei der bewegungsarme Lebensstil der meisten Personen
während des gesamten Lebens und der Alterungsprozess die wichtigsten Beiträge
hierzu sein könnten.
Diese Daten unterstützen somit die Idee, dass reduzierte VO2peak-Werte eine
Kombination aus körperlicher Inaktivität, Atrophie des Herzens und
Alterungsprozessen sind.
Weitere Studien sind jedoch erforderlich, um die Mechanismen dieser
Veränderungen für eine mögliche therapeutische Nutzung im Detail zu identifizieren
und mehr Informationen über die klinische Relevanz des rechten Ventrikels zu
entwickeln, möglicherweise auch in verschiedenen Ethnien.
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common and widely increasing gastrointestinal
diseases leading to hospitalization without specifically available therapy. Among various
etiologies, biliary origin is the most common cause. However, the effects of BAs, given
systemically, on AP remains elusive. A detailed characterization of the mechanisms through
which BAs contribute to the pathogenesis and severity of AP will greatly improve our
understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and may facilitate the development of
treatment, early identification of complications, and prevention for AP. In this view, the roles of
different circulating BAs using in vitro-to-in vivo models were investigated and the underlying
mechanisms through which BAs modulate the severity of AP were addressed. The impact of
hydrophobic and hydrophilic BAs on both, isolated acinar cells and different animal models
induced by repetitive injections of caerulein or L-arginine, ligation of the pancreatic duct (PDL)
or combined bile and pancreatic duct ligation (BPDL), were tested. Disease severity was
assessed by biochemical and histological parameters. Serum CCK concentrations were
determined by enzyme immunoassay. The binding of CCK1 receptor was measured using
fluorescent-labeled CCK. Human BA profiles in AP patients were quantified and that were
correlated with etiology as well as clinical course. In acinar cells, hydrophobic BAs mitigated
the damaging effects of CCK. The same BAs further enhanced pancreatitis in L-arginine and
PDL-based pancreatitis whereas they ameliorated pancreatic damage in the caerulein and
BPDL models, in which CCK was involved. The chemical effect of BAs on protease trypsin
was also observed, however, it was similar between hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds.
Mechanistically, the binding affinity of the CCK1 receptor was significantly reduced by
hydrophobic BAs. In patients, the sum of hydrophobic but not hydrophilic BAs correlated with
the etiology and severity of AP.
Post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis (PEP) was
reported to be related with CCK and several pharmaceutical agents have been used to prevent
this most common and potentially severe complication, but those are of limited benefit. In this
regard, our multicenter multinational randomized control trial was designed to compare the
efficacy of indomethacin and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) for the prevention of PEP. A total of 432
ERCP patients from 6 countries were recruited and randomly assigned to receive either NAC
(group A, 84 cases), indomethacin (group B, 138 cases), NAC + indomethacin (group C, 115
cases) or placebo (group D, 95 cases) two hours before procedure. The rate of PEP in groups
A, B and C in comparison with placebo were 10.7%, 17.4%, 7.8% vs 20% (p = 0.08, 0.614 &
0.01, respectively).
Among complications of AP, infection of pancreatic necrosis is one of the most severe
consequence that mostly necessitates interventional therapy. A model to identify parameters
that are useful for the prediction of infected necrosis at an early stage was developed. A
retrospective analysis was conducted in 705 AP patients, who underwent contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT scan). Both laboratory and clinical parameters were analyzed for
an association with infected pancreatic necrosis, which was microbiologically confirmed. A
logistic regression analysis with stepwise inclusion of significant variables was used to develop
a prediction model. We tested the model quality by receiver operating characteristics analysis.
We found a significant association between 11 parameters with an infection including albumin,
creatinine, C-reactive protein (CRP), and alcoholic etiology, which were independent variables
in the final predictive model with an area under the curve of 0.819.
In the same cohort in which we developed the prediction model above, 89 AP cases with
necrotic complications diagnosed by CT scan were identified. These complications with high
morbidity and mortality required endoscopic drainage, which possibly accompanies severe
adverse events. All complications which occurred in patients who underwent those procedures
and their associated features were retrospectively analyzed. Positive necrosis cultures and a
larger diameter of the intervened necroses were significant factors associated with the
occurrence of adverse events, in which the former was the most significant predictor with Odds
Ratio of 6.1.
The entire work demonstrated that hydrophobicity of BAs and the involvement of CCK are
relevant for the clinical course of AP. Systemic BAs may affect the severity of AP by interfering
with the binding of the CCK1 receptor. Oral NAC is effective for prevention of PEP and the
combination of NAC plus indomethacin resulted in the lowest PEP rate. A model using albumin,
creatinine, CRP, and alcoholic etiology can differentiate infected and sterile pancreatic
necrosis and control of infection is crucial for successful endoscopic drainage therapy in
complicated AP. The exact pathophysiologic mechanisms, especially in CCK-related pathways,
and the potential impact of BAs in human AP, in particular in preventing PEP, need to be investigated in further studies.
Das Krankheitsbild der Sepsis zählt zu den Haupttodesursachen weltweit. Die Sepsis-induzierte Kardiomyopathie, erstmalig 1984 beschrieben, ist eine Begleiterkrankung der Sepsis, für die es keine spezifische Therapie gibt. Die Pathogenese der septischen Kardiomyopathie ist weitestgehend unklar. Mehrere Einflussfaktoren werden diskutiert. Das Zytokin Interleukin-6 (IL-6) wird während der Sepsis im menschlichen Organismus vermehrt gebildet und ist mit der Schwere der Sepsis assoziiert. Sein Einfluss auf die Herzmuskulatur und sein Anteil an der Ausbildung einer Sepsis-induzierten Kardiomyopathie ist bisher ungeklärt. Weiterhin ist nicht bekannt, ob die Hemmung der IL-6 Wirkung auf die Herzmuskulatur einen protektiven Effekt aufweist. Die vorliegende Arbeit konnte einen negativen Einfluss von IL-6 über den gp130 Rezeptor auf Kardiomyozyten in vitro und das Herz in vivo nachweisen. So zeigten in vitro Untersuchungen, dass IL-6 die Expression von Stress-assoziierten Genen im Herzen steigert. Zudem konnte gezeigt werden, dass IL-6 die kontraktile Funktion von adulten Ratten-Kardiomyozyten reduziert. Um die Hypothese zu überprüfen, dass IL-6 die Entstehung einer Sepsis-induzierten Kardiomyopathie fördert, wurde in männlichen in Herzmuskelzell-spezifischen gp130 Knockout (cKO) und gp130 WT Geschwistermäusen eine polymikrobielle Sepsis induziert und die Herzfunktion und die Expression kardialer Stressmarker und mitochondrialer Gene nach 24 Stunden quantifiziert. Zusätzlich wurde die mitochondriale Funktion in den Herzen dieser Tiere mittels Respirometrie untersucht. Die Induktion der Sepsis erfolgte durch die Ausführung einer zökalen Ligatur und Punktion (engl. cecal ligation and puncture, CLP). Als Kontrolle dienten Schein (engl. Sham-) operierte Mäuse. Echokardiographisch konnte nach 24 Stunden eine kardiale Dysfunktion in den septischen gp130 WT Mäuse nachgewiesen werden, welche die septischen gp130 cKO Mäuse nicht zeigten. Die Expression mitochondrialer Gene war in den Herzen der septischen WT Mäuse, jedoch nicht der gp130 cKO Mäuse fehlreguliert.
Die Respirometrie-Messungen wiesen eine signifikant reduzierte Sauerstoffdurchflussrate der Atmungskette der Mitochondrien in den Herzen der septischen gp130 WT Mäusen im Vergleich zu Sham-Tieren nach, was für eine verschlechterte Mitochondrien Funktion spricht. Eine Verschlechterung der
mitochondrialen Funktion konnte in den Herzen der Gp130 cKO Mäuse nicht nachgewiesen werden.
Zusammenfassend konnte gezeigt werden, dass erhöhte IL-6 Spiegel in der Sepsis über den gp130 Rezeptor auf den Herzmuskelzellen zu einer mitochondrialen Dysfunktion im Herzen führt, was an der Entwicklung einer Sepsis-induzierten Kardiomyopathie beteiligt sein könnte.
In dieser retrospektiven Studie sind ausgehend von 527 der Gesamtkohorte 345 Patienten mit einer CTEPH analysiert worden. Die Stratifizierung der Patienten erfolgte in zwei Gruppen: Der konventionellen Gruppe, in der Patienten eine medikamentöse PH-Therapie erhalten haben, und der interventionellen Gruppe, in der Patienten eine Intervention in Form einer pulmonalen Endarteriektomie (PEA) oder einer pulmonalen Ballonangioplastie (BPA) erhalten haben. Der Beobachtungszeitraum erstreckte sich vom 01.01.2002 bis zum 31.12.2020. In der gesamten Nachbeobachtungszeit (Median: 3.5 Jahre; mean ± SD, 4.4 ± 3.6 Jahre) starben ins-gesamt 78 Patienten, entsprechend einem Prozentsatz von 22.6 % (n = 345), davon in der konventionellen Gruppe 29 % (n = 60) und in der interventionellen Gruppe 13 % (n = 18).
Die wichtigste Schlussfolgerung der vorliegenden Arbeit ist der prädiktive Vorhersagewert der Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit der mittels CPET bestimmten maximal Sauerstoffaufnahme VO2 (Peak) für Patienten, die aus verschiedensten Gründen keiner interventionellen Therapie im Sinne der etablierten pulmonale Endarteriektomie (PEA) oder der pulmonale Ballonangioplastie (BPA) zugänglich sind. Die in dieser Studie untersuchten Parameter, die zu Beginn des Beobachtungszeitraums. d. h. vor der Intervention, erhoben wurden, lassen in der interventionellen Gruppe keine verlässliche Vorhersage für das Überleben zu. In der konventionellen Gruppe konnten in der vorliegenden Arbeit jedoch eine Vielzahl an prognoserelevanten Parametern identifiziert werden. Maßgeblich sind dies neben der bereits erwähnten VO2 (Peak) [% SW] die Parameter PET CO2 in Ruhe und an der AT, die VE/VCO2 in Ruhe und an der AT. Der VE/VCO2-Slope und die PET CO2 (Peak) sind ebenso prognoserelevant.
Größere Studienkollektive mit einem längeren Beobachtungszeitraum könnten sich mit einer höheren Sensitivität auch der Frage widmen, ob es nicht doch einen relevanten CPET-Parameter zur Prognoseabschätzung auch bei interventionell versorgten Patienten gibt. Ein Ansatz da-für wäre CPET-Untersuchungen in definierten Zeitintervallen nach der operativen Intervention.
Weiterführende Studien sollten zudem unter diesem Aspekt auch die Frage des Einsatzes der CPET über die Basisdiagnostik hinaus als Verlaufsparameter untersuchen und außerdem auf längere Beobachtungsphasen ausgedehnt werden, um weitere Langzeitdaten erheben zu können.
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), due to its genomic heterogeneity and lack of development of effective therapies, will become the second leading cause of cancer-related death within 10 years. Therefore, identifying novel targets that can predict response to specific treatments is a key goal to personalize pancreatic cancer therapy and improve survival. Given that the occurrence of oncogenic KRAS mutations is a characteristic event in PDAC leading to genome instability, a better understanding of the role of DNA repair mechanisms in this process is desirable. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of the error-prone DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) repair pathway, alt-EJ in the presence of KRAS G12D mutation in pancreatic cancer formation. Our findings showed that oncogenic KRAS contributes to the activation of the alt-EJ mechanism by increasing the expression of Polθ, Lig3 and Mre11, key components of alt-EJ in both mouse and human PDAC models. In addition, we demonstrated that alt-EJ has increased activity in DNA DSBs repair pathway in a mouse and human model of PDAC bearing KRAS G12D mutation. We further focused on estimating the impact of alt-EJ inactivation by polymerase theta (Polθ) deletion on pancreatic cancer development and survival in genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs). Here, we described that although deficiency of Polθ resulted in delayed cancer progression and prolonged survival of experimental mice, it can lead to full-blown PDAC. Our study showed that disabling one component of the alt-EJ may be insufficient to fully suppress pancreatic cancer progression and a complete understanding of all alt-EJ factors and their involvement in DSB repair and oncogenesis is required.
Background
Previous work has focused on speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE)-derived global longitudinal and circumferential peak strain as potential superior prognostic metric markers compared with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). However, the value of regional distribution and the respective orientation of left ventricular wall motion (quantified as strain and derived from STE) for survival prediction have not been investigated yet. Moreover, most of the recent studies on risk stratification in primary and secondary prevention do not use neural networks for outcome prediction.
Purpose
To evaluate the performance of neural networks for predicting all cause-mortality with different model inputs in a moderate-sized general population cohort.
Methods
All participants of the second cohort of the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND-0) without prior cardiovascular disease (CVD; acute myocardial infarction, cardiac surgery/intervention, heart failure and stroke) and with transthoracic echocardiography exams were followed for all-cause mortality from baseline examination (2008-2012) until 2019.
A novel deep neural network architecture ‘nnet-Surv-rcsplines’, that extends the Royston-Parmar- cubic splines survival model to neural networks was proposed and applied to predict all-cause mortality from STE-derived global and/or regional myocardial longitudinal, circumferential, transverse, and radial strain in addition to the components of the ESC SCORE model. The models were evaluated by 8.5-year area-under-the-receiver-operating-characteristic (AUROC) and (scaled) Brier score [(S)BS]and compared to the SCORE model adjusted for mortality rates in Germany in 2010.
Results
In total, 3858 participants (53 % female, median age 51 years) were followed for a median time of 8.4 (95 % CI 8.3 – 8.5) years. Application of ‘nnet-Surv-rcsplines’ to the components of the ESC SCORE model alone resulted in the best discriminatory performance (AUROC 0.9 [0.86-0.91]) and lowest prediction error (SBS 21[18-23] %). The latter was significantly lower (p <0.001) than the original SCORE model (SBS 11 [9.5 - 13] %), while discrimination did not differ significantly. There was no difference in (S)BS (p= 0.66) when global circumferential and longitudinal strain were added to the model. Solely including STE-data resulted in an informative (AUROC 0.71 [0.69, 0.74]; SBS 3.6 [2.8-4.6] %) but worse (p<0.001) model performance than when considering the sociodemographic and instrumental biomarkers, too.
Conclusion
Regional myocardial strain distribution contains prognostic information for predicting all-cause mortality in a primary prevention sample of subjects without CVD. Still, the incremental prognostic value of STE parameters was not demonstrated. Application of neural networks on available traditional risk factors in primary prevention may improve outcome prediction compared to standard statistical approaches and lead to better treatment decisions.
Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war zum einen die retrospektive Abbildung der qPCR-Werte von BCR-ABL und der Medikamentenadhärenz und zum anderen die Identifikation von Einflussfaktoren und Prädiktoren für die Medikamentenadhärenz von Patientinnen und Patienten mit Chronischer Myeloischer Leukämie. Als Parameter des molekularen Therapieansprechens wurden Ergebnisse der routinemäßig durchgeführten Bestimmungen der BCR-ABL-Werte erfasst. Zur Bestimmung der Adhärenz dienten standardisierte psychometrische Instrumente, welche zu einer Fragebogenbatterie zusammengefasst wurden.
Von 13 onkologischen Praxen und Kliniken in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, welche sich initial bereit erklärt hatten, nahmen sieben Einrichtungen an der Studie teil. Aus diesen sieben onkologischen Behandlungseinrichtungen konnten die Fragebögen von 44 Patienten in die Untersuchung mit einbezogen werden. Insgesamt wurden drei Befragungen durchgeführt in einem Abstand von jeweils einem Jahr. Der Großteil der Patientinnen und Patienten befand sich im Untersuchungszeitraum in First-line TKI-Therapie. Als biologische Validation für die Medikamentenadhärenz wurde das molekulare Ansprechen auf den TKI benutzt. Gemäß der ELN-Leitlinien zur Behandlung von Patientinnen und Patienten mit CML stellt das Erreichen einer „Major Molecular Response“ (MMR=BCR-ABL / ABL-Ratio ≤ 0,1 %) ein optimales Therapieansprechen dar. Bei 34 Patientinnen und Patienten (77,3 %) konnte ein optimales Therapieansprechen in den 12 Monaten vor der Datenerhebung nachgewiesen werden. Das molekulare Ansprechen von 6 Patientinnen und Patienten (13,6 %) schwankte ohne Verlust der MMR. Bei 4 Patientinnen und Patienten (9,1 %) wurde ein Therapieversagen (nach ELN-Empfehlungen) deutlich. Das molekulare Ansprechen in den vergangenen 12 Monaten vor Beginn der Untersuchung korrelierte signifikant mit dem initialen molekularen Ansprechen. Die Auswertung ergab laut Patienten-Selbsteinschätzung eine fast durchgängig gute Medikamentenadhärenz. Ein Zusammenhang zwischen Adhärenz-Selbst-einschätzung und dem molekularen Ansprechen konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden.
Untersucht wurde auch das Patientenwissen über die CML. Insgesamt zeigte ein Viertel der Patientinnen und Patienten gute bis befriedigende Kenntnisse. Das vorhandene Wissen geht zumeist auf die Informationen der behandelnden Onkologen zurück. Mehr als 50 % der Patientinnen und Patienten wünscht sich mehr Informationen zur CML und deren Behandlung. Entgegen der aktuellen Studienlage scheint das individuelle Wissen die Medikamentenadhärenz in unserer Studie kaum zu beeinflussen. In unserer Studie konnten wir allerdings feststellen, dass höheres Wissen über die CML signifikant mit geringerer wahrgenommener Bedrohlichkeit durch die CML korrelierte. Hinsichtlich des Geschlechts und des Patientenalters konnte kein signifikanter Zusammenhang mit dem Wissen über die CML detektiert werden. Patientinnen und Patienten mit geringerer Erkrankungsdauer zeigten ein höheres Wissen über das Krankheitsbild der CML. Wichtig ist es, Komorbiditäten wie depressive Symptome durch enge Anbindung an psychologische Zentren mit zu betreuen. Ein stabiles soziales Umfeld, ein gutes Arzt-Patienten- Verhältnis sowie eine starke subjektive Motivation einer jeden Patientin bzw. eines jeden Patienten sind sicherlich zentrale Säulen einer guten Adhärenz. Diese Faktoren bieten gleichzeitig Ansatzpunkte für Interventionen zur Steigerung der Therapietreue.
Low risk prostate cancer does not always necessitate aggressive or invasive intervention and is best monitored through active surveillance, but in daily practice a majority of men seek a more proactive approach. Therefore, tertiary chemoprevention is an attractive option for men seeking a way to slow disease progression. Several natural anti-carcinogens have been identified in soy beans, especially isoflavones. Case series have been published, demonstrating a positive influence of isoflavones on PSA serum levels in prostate cancer.
Therefore, a systematic review of the effect of isoflavones versus placebo on PSA levels in localized prostate cancer was conducted, following the recommendations of the Cochrane Handbook of systematic Reviews. On the whole, the primary aim of this review is to summarize the evidence for the use of isoflavones in localized prostate cancer in terms of PSA response. In total, we identified four relevant RCTs involving 298 treated men. The result of this synopsis was that none of the studies showed a significant effect on serum PSA levels, suggesting that isoflavone intake has no effect on biochemical progression. The influence of isoflavones on overall survival in localized prostate cancer remains unclear.
Nevertheless, there are indications that isoflavones may be clinically beneficial, for example regarding lipid metabolism and cholesterol. Isoflavones represent a safe therapeutic option with few side effects, where further interdisciplinary research is needed.
Hintergrund: Die Intima-Media-Dicke der A. carotis communis (cIMT) ist als Biomarker für asymptomatische Atherosklerose bekannt und mit sowohl Gesamt- aus auch kardiovaskulärer (CV) Mortalität assoziiert. Eine größere cIMT wird von einem kompensatorischen Anstieg des Lumendurchmessers der Aa. carotides communes (LD) begleitet. Es ist nicht geklärt, welcher der beiden Parameter mehr Informationen zur Mortalität liefert.
Methoden und Ergebnisse: Es wurden 2.751 Studienteilnehmer eingeschlossen (Alter: Median 53 Jahre, 52% weiblich). In der Nachverfolgungszeit im Median von 14,9 Jahren (12,8 – 16,5 Jahre) starben 506 Teilnehmer. In einer Ausgangsuntersuchung wurden cIMT und LD mittels Ultraschalluntersuchung vermessen. Mithilfe multivariabler Cox-Regressionsmodelle wurden cIMT, LD, LD adjustiert auf cIMT (LD + cIMT) und das LD/cIMT-Verhältnis mit CV-Morta-lität und Nicht-CV-Mortalität verglichen. Die Modelle wurden mittels Akaike-Informationskri-terium (AIC) eingestuft. Die Vorhersagekraft der Modelle zur Mortalität wurde mit Harrell’s-C-Statistik verglichen.
Ein Anstieg des LD um einen Millimeter war mit einer größeren Gesamt-Mortalität assoziiert (HR 1,29; 95%-Konfidenzintervall [KI] 1,14 – 1,45; p < 0,01) und blieb nach Adjustierung auf cIMT signifikant (HR: 1,26; 95%-KI: 1,11 – 1,42; p < 0,01). Ein gleicher Anstieg der cIMT war mit einem erhöhten Risiko für Gesamtmortalität verbunden (HR: 1,73; 95%-KI: 1,09 – 2,75). Das LD/cIMT-Verhältnis und die Gesamtmortalität waren nicht assoziiert. Der LD zeigte bezüglich Gesamtmortalität das niedrigste AIC und verbesserte deren Vorhersage im Vergleich mit dem Null-Modell (p = 0,01). Verglichen mit dem LD lieferte die cIMT eine schwächere Vorhersagekraft der Gesamtmortalität.
Schlussfolgerung: In dieser großen populationsbasierten Studie liefert der LD mehr Informationen zur Gesamtmortalität als die cIMT.
In dieser Studie sollte geprüft werden, inwieweit sich die chronische Herzinsuffizienz und die chronisch obstruktive Lungenerkrankung auf den Schlaf auswirken. Insbesondere, ob sich verschiedene Parameter der untersuchten Patientengruppen, auch im Vergleich zu gesunden Kontrollprobranden, signifikant unterscheiden. Dazu wurden retrospektiv polysomnographische und allgemeine Daten (z.B. Alter, Medikamente, Durchschlafstörungen, Tagesmüdigkeit uvm.) von drei verschieden Patientenkohorten ausgewertet und miteinander verglichen. Diese setzten sich aus insgesamt 334 Probanden zusammen, welche größtenteils männlich und im Durchschnitt 64 Jahre alt waren. Die Daten stammen aus einem Zeitraum zwischen 2008 bis 2017.
Die erste Probandengruppe setzte sich aus 105 an HI leidenden Patienten, deren Datensätze aus dem Schlaflabor des Klinikums Karlsburg (Vorpommern) stammen, zusammen. 100 Patientendaten wurden aus der GANI_MED Studie von Patienten, die an COPD erkrankt sind, in die Analysen eingeschlossen. Im Weiteren wurde ein 1:1 Matching nach Geschlecht, Alter (±5 Jahren) und BMI (±5 kg/m²) aus der Bevölkerungsstichprobe SHIP-Trend (n= 665) vollzogen. Nachfolgend konnten somit, die Daten von 55 herzinsuffizienten Patienten und 74 Lungenkranken mit ihrer jeweiligen Kontrollgruppe (SHIP-Trend) analysiert, ausgewertet und verglichen werden.
Als hauptsächlicher genannter Grund für die Vorstellung in einem Schlaflabor galt für die Herzinsuffizienzpatienten das vorherige Polygraphieergebnis während eines vorhergehenden Aufenthalts. Weiterhin stellten nächtliche Apnoen, weniger auch das Schnarchen und die Tagesmüdigkeit einen Beratungsanlass dar.
Der ausschlaggebende Faktor zum Einschluss der Patienten in die Studie war der Befund der Echokardiographie. Hier zeigte sich, dass sich der überwiegende Teil (76,92%) an einer Herzinsuffizienz mit erhaltener linksventrikulärer Ejektionfraktion (HFpEF) leidet.
Bei der Auswertung der PSG-Ergebnisse wurde u.a. herausgefunden, dass der AHI der HI-Kohorte 35,4/h beträgt und damit dem höchsten Schweregrad der SBAS entspricht. Den Hauptanteil machen hier die obstruktiven Atemstörungen aus (22,4/h). Auch in der SHIP-Trend-Vergleichskohorte zeigte sich bei einem mehr als 3-fach über der Norm liegenden AHI (15,6/h) vorranging die obstruktive Komponente. Hier kann ein Zusammenhang zu den Hauptrisikofaktoren der OSA gesehen werden: Adipositas (BMI: HI - 33,5 kg/m², SHIP-Trend-32,9 kg/m² ), höheres Lebensalter und männliches Geschlecht. Den signifikanten Unterschied zwischen beiden Kohorten in Bezug auf die SBAS könnte in der Grunderkrankung begründet liegen. Dies kann aber nicht abschließend begründet werden, zumal auch aufgrund der Vorauswahl (Grund für die PSG) die höchste Prävalenz in der HI-Gruppe zu erwarten war.
Das jedoch die OSA in dieser Kohorte so einen hohen Stellenwert einnehmen würde überraschte, da tendenziell die zentralen Atmungsstörungen bei dieser Erkrankung überwiegen. Ein weiterer Grund dafür könnte, neben den oben aufgeführten Risikofaktoren, in der vorherrschenden Art der Herzinsuffizienz in dieser Patientenkohorte begründet liegen. Auch in anderen Studien wurde herausgefunden, dass Patienten mit einer HFpEF eher zum OSA tendieren. Diese Dysfunktion ist in den meisten Therapiestudien unterrepräsentiert oder wurde sogar ausgeschlossen. Diese Studie zeigt hiermit auch, dass es unbedingt weitergehender Forschung auf diesem Feld bedarf.
Zusammenfassend lässt sich feststellen, dass sich die PSG-Befunde aufgrund der Grunderkrankung unterscheiden. Im Vergleich zu den gesunden Kontrollprobanden zeigte sich, dass die Wahrscheinlichkeit an einer HI erkrankt zu sein, bei Erhöhung folgender Parameter zunimmt: AHI, OAI, CAI, AI, ODI sowie N2 und N3. Eine Verlängerung von N1, der Zeit im Bett, der totalen Schlafzeit und der Schlafperiodenzeit sowie der durchschnittlichen Sauerstoffsättigung senkt hingegen die Wahrscheinlichkeit, an einer HI zu leiden. In Bezug auf die COPD ist die Zeit im Bett und das Schlafstadium N2 positiv, die Erhöhung der Schlafeffizienz und der Sauerstoffsättigung negativ assoziiert.
Unabhängig davon, dass bei der COPD-Kohorte dieser Studie nur gering ausgeprägte SBAS auftraten und deren Vergleichskohorte sogar eine höhere Anzahl zeigte, ist das Thema für diese Patienten genauso relevant wie für die herzinsuffizienten Patienten.
Fest steht, da sind sich die Experten einig, dass die schnelle und konsequente Einleitung einer Therapie die Morbidität und Mortalität dieser Krankheitsbilder mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit verringern kann. Deshalb ist es unserer Meinung nach essentiell, frühzeitig auf charakteristische Symptome zu reagieren und eventuell eine diagnostische PSG einzuleiten.
Auch aufgrund der vermutet hohen Dunkelziffer schon in der Normalbevölkerung sollte mindestens zum "Check Up" in der Hausarztpraxis bei allen Patienten die Frage nach typischen Symptomen zu SBAS erfolgen, bei Hinweisen darauf die Durchführung des ESS-Fragebogens angeboten und je nach Ausgang auch eine Empfehlung zur Polygraphie und ggf. im Weiteren zur PSG ausgesprochen werden. Jedoch ist auch, wenn kein erhöhter Punktescore in dem ESS-Fragebogen festgestellt wird, immer eine individuelle Entscheidung zur Durchführung der PSG anzustreben. In dieser Studie konnte nämlich auch gezeigt werden, dass das Testergebnis dieses Fragebogens zwar sensitiv aber sehr unspezifisch ist und viele Patienten trotzdem SBAS aufweisen, obwohl der Test keinen Hinweis dafür gibt.
Einfluss der Interleukin-6 Inhibition auf die kardiale Funktion transgener herzinsuffizienter Mäuse
(2022)
Die chronische HI ist eine der häufigsten Todesursachen in Deutschland. Aufgrund der hohen Behandlungskosten stellt sie ein wachsendes sozio-ökonomisches Problem unserer Gesellschaft dar. Trotz einer etablierten und prognostisch wirksamen Standardtherapie, bleibt die HI eine progrediente Erkrankung. Dies suggeriert, dass zentrale pathogenetische Mechanismen durch die aktuelle konventionelle Therapie nicht berücksichtigt werden. Hierzu gehört ein dysreguliertes, chronisch aktives Inflammationsgeschehen. Pro-inflammatorischen Zytokinen im Allgemeinen und IL-6 im Speziellen werden eine zentrale Rolle in der Induktion von kardiomyozytärer Apoptose, kardiodepressivem Remodeling und ventrikulärer Dysfunktion zugeschrieben. Seit Formulierung der Zytokinhypothese im Jahr 1994 stehen anti-inflammatorische Therapieansätze daher im Mittelpunkt vieler Untersuchungen. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde analysiert, wie sich die Gabe des IL-6 Rezeptorblockers MR16-1 auf die Progression der HI bei transgenen herzinsuffizienten Mäusen auswirkt. Da IL-6 als pleiotropes Zytokin Funktionen im Gesamtorganismus ausübt und ihm darüber hinaus auch kardioprotektive Effekte zugeschrieben werden, wurden in einem zweiten Versuchsansatz die Effekte einer indirekten IL-6 Inhibition mittels neutralisierender anti-IL-17A Antikörper untersucht. Basierend auf den erhobenen Daten sollte evaluiert werden, welcher Ansatz bessere Ergebnisse erzielt.
Zur Untersuchung dieser Fragestellung wurde das transgene Herzinsuffizienzmodell Cyclin T1/Gαq genutzt. Im Alter von 6 Wochen wurde die Herzfunktion der Mäuse mit Hilfe eines Kleintier-MRT in vivo evaluiert (Baseline-Messung). Im Anschluss an die Untersuchung erhielten die Mäuse entsprechend ihrer Gruppenzugehörigkeit eine intraperitoneale Injektion der Antikörper bzw. Kontrollsubstanzen. Die abschließende MRT-gestützte Verlaufsuntersuchung fand am 7. Tag nach der Baseline-Messung statt. Sie sollte Funktions- und Struktur-bezogene Änderungen des Herzens über den Untersuchungszeitraum aufzeigen. Nach Beendigung der Abschlussmessung wurden das Herz und Blut entnommen, um laborchemische Analysen durchzuführen. In diesen wurden mittels PCR, ELISA, LUMINEX, Western Blot sowie immunhistochemischer und histologischer Verfahren inflammatorische Zytokine, Remodeling-Prozesse, Herzinsuffizienzmarker und IL-6-assoziierte Signaltransduktionswege im Blutplasma und Herzgewebe untersucht.
Die MRT-gestützten in vivo Untersuchungen ergaben, dass die Behandlung mit MR16-1 zu einer signifikant geringeren Verschlechterung der LVEF und des LVFS über die Zeit sowie einer deutlichen Zunahme des LVSV im Vergleich zur NaCl-Gabe führt. Die PCR-Analysen demonstrierten darüber hinaus eine signifikant niedrigere Kollagenexpression. Anhand der ELISA- und LUMINEX-Untersuchungen konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass es durch die Behandlung mit dem IL-6 Rezeptorblocker zu einer signifikanten Senkung von NT-proBNP und einer Steigerung der Gal-1-Plasmakonzentration verglichen mit einer NaCl-Injektion kommt. Darüber hinaus konnten die mRNA-Expression und Konzentration einer Vielzahl pro-inflammatorischer Zytokine gesenkt werden. Kardioprotektive IL-6-assoziierte Signalwege wurden dabei nicht negativ beeinflusst. Da auch die IgG-Isotypkontrollen einige Parameter signifikant beeinflussten, ist die Spezifität dieser Effekte jedoch nicht sicher belegt. Um den Einfluss der neutralisierenden anti-IL-17A Antikörper und der Immunglobuline besser einordnen zu können, sind weitere Untersuchungen notwendig.
Zusammenfassend lässt sich feststellen, dass die direkte IL-6 Rezeptorblockade einen positiven Effekt auf den Krankheitsverlauf transgener herzinsuffizienter Mäuse hat. Inwiefern andere Mitglieder der IL-6-Typ Zytokinfamilie und unspezifische IgG-Effekte dabei eine Rolle spielen und ob sich diese Effekte auch langfristig bestätigen lassen, sodass sich eine Mortalitätsreduktion erzielen lässt, muss mittels weiterer Untersuchungen geklärt werden.
Die vorliegende wissenschaftliche Arbeit ist eine retrospektive Datenanalyse, mit dem Titel „Chimärismus nach allogener Stammzelltransplantation - Einflussfaktoren“. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, herauszufinden, ob und in welcher Form einzelnen Transplantationseigenschaften mit dem Chimärismus korrelieren.
Im Rahmen dieser Studie an der Medizinischen Fakultät der Universität Greifswald, wurden die Daten aller Patienten erfasst, die zwischen März 1999 und Dezember 2015 in der Klinik für Hämatologie und Onkologie der Universitätsmedizin Greifswald aufgrund einer hämatoonkologischen Erkrankung stammzelltransplantiert wurden. Mit ihren Ergebnissen soll diese Arbeit einen ergänzenden Beitrag zu zukünftigen Transplantationsstrategien leisten.
Als wesentliche Faktoren, die mit dem Erreichen eines Spenderchimärismus von ≥95% korrelierten, wurden das Auftreten einer aGvHD oder cGvHD im Vergleich zum jeweiligen Ausbleiben beider Formen der GvHD, ebenso wie die Empfängerblutgruppe A im Vergleich zu 0 sowie eine fehlende Blutgruppenkompatibilität zwischen Empfänger und Spender im Vergleich zur Blutgruppenkompatibilität beider identifiziert (wobei letztere die Signifikanz knapp verpasste).
Im Gegenzug verringerte sich die Wahrscheinlichkeit, einen Spenderchimärismus von ≥95% zu erreichen mit steigendem Spenderalter, ebenso mit steigender Dauer des Engraftments der Leukozyten sowie bei einer PR im Vergleich zu einer CR als bestes Remissionsergebnis. Außerdem zeigten Patienten, die mit einem intensitätsreduzierten Konditionierungsregime behandelt worden waren, weniger wahrscheinlich einen Spenderchimärismus von ≥95%, als diejenigen, die ein myeloablatives Konditionierungsschema erhalten hatten. Gleiches galt für Patienten, die mit dem Antikörper ATG Fresenius (Grafalon®) behandelt worden waren, im Vergleich zu den Patienten, die keinen Antikörper erhalten hatten.
Insgesamt wiesen an Tag 57 nach allogener SZT 102/137 der allogen transplantierten Patienten einen Spenderchimärismus von ≥95% auf, wohingegen 32/50 Patienten einen konstanten Spenderchimärismus von ≥95% bis Tag 1287 behielten. Die signifikanten Ergebnisse hinsichtlich der Korrelation zwischen Chimärismus und Spenderalter, Blutgruppeninkompatibilität sowie dem Antikörper ATG Fresenius (Grafalon®) wurden nach dem Kenntnisstand unserer Arbeitsgruppe bisher noch nicht in der Literatur beschrieben, und können somit als neue Erkenntnisse auf diesem Forschungsgebiet gewertet werden.
Abstract
Body weight loss is frequently regarded as negatively related to outcomes in patients with malignancies. This retrospective analysis of the FIRE‐3 study evaluated the evolution of body weight in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). FIRE‐3 evaluated first‐line FOLFIRI (folinic acid, fluorouracil and irinotecan) plus cetuximab or bevacizumab in mCRC patients with RAS‐WT tumors (ie, wild‐type in KRAS and NRAS exons 2‐4). The prognostic and predictive relevance of early weight loss (EWL) regarding patient outcomes and treatment side effects were evaluated. Retrospective data on body weight during first 6 months of treatment were evaluated (N = 326). To correlate with efficacy endpoints and treatment side effects, patients were grouped according to clinically significant EWL ≥5% and <5% at Month 3. Age constituted the only significant predictor of EWL following a linear relationship with the corresponding log odds ratio (P = .016). EWL was significantly associated with the incident frequencies of diarrhea, edema, fatigue, nausea and vomiting. Further, a multivariate analysis revealed EWL to be an independent negative prognostic factor for overall survival (32.4 vs 21.1 months; hazard ratio [HR]: 1.64; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.13‐2.38; P = .0098) and progression‐free survival (11.8 vs 9.0 months; HR: 1.72; 95% CI = 1.18‐2.5; P = .0048). In conclusion, EWL during systemic treatment against mCRC is significantly associated with patient age. Patients exhibiting EWL had worse survival and higher frequencies of adverse events. Early preventative measures targeted at weight maintenance should be evaluated, especially in elderly patients being at highest risk of EWL.
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a rare disease which is often
caused by recurrent emboli. These are also frequently found in patients with myeloproliferative
diseases. While myeloproliferative diseases can be caused by gene defects, the genetic predisposition
to CTEPH is largely unexplored. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyse these genes
and further genes involved in pulmonary hypertension in CTEPH patients. A systematic screening
was conducted for pathogenic variants using a gene panel based on next generation sequencing.
CTEPH was diagnosed according to current guidelines. In this study, out of 40 CTEPH patients
4 (10%) carried pathogenic variants. One patient had a nonsense variant (c.2071A>T p.Lys691*)
in the BMPR2 gene and three further patients carried the same pathogenic variant (missense variant,
c.1849G>T p.Val617Phe) in the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) gene. The latter led to a myeloproliferative
disease in each patient. The prevalence of this JAK2 variant was significantly higher than expected
(p < 0.0001). CTEPH patients may have a genetic predisposition more often than previously thought.
The predisposition for myeloproliferative diseases could be an additional risk factor for CTEPH
development. Thus, clinical screening for myeloproliferative diseases and genetic testing may be
considered also for CTEPH patients.
Molecular Mechanisms of Bortezomib Action: Novel Evidence for the miRNA−mRNA Interaction Involvement
(2020)
Bortezomib is an anti-tumor agent, which inhibits 26S proteasome degrading ubiquitinated
proteins. While apoptotic transcription-associated activation in response to bortezomib has been
suggested, mechanisms related to its influence on post-transcriptional gene silencing mediated
regulation by non-coding RNAs remain not fully elucidated. In the present study, we examined
changes in global gene and miRNA expression and analyzed the identified miRNA–mRNA interactions
after bortezomib exposure in human neuroblastoma cells to define pathways affected by this agent in
this type of cells. Cell viability assays were performed to assess cytotoxicity of bortezomib. Global gene
and miRNA expression profiles of neuroblastoma cells after 24-h incubation with bortezomib were
determined using genome-wide RNA and miRNA microarray technology. Obtained results were
then confirmed by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Further bioinformatical analysis was performed
to identify affected biological processes and pathways. In total, 719 genes and 28 miRNAs were
downregulated, and 319 genes and 61 miRNAs were upregulated in neuroblastoma cells treated with
bortezomib. Possible interactions between dysregulated miRNA/mRNA, which could be linked to
bortezomib-induced neurotoxicity, affect neurogenesis, cellular calcium transport, and neuron death.
Bortezomib might exert toxic effects on neuroblastoma cells and regulate miRNA–mRNA interactions
influencing vital cellular functions. Further studies on the role of specific miRNA–mRNA interactions
are needed to elucidate mechanisms of bortezomib action.
Endothelial dysfunction (ED) comes with age, even without overt vessel damage such as that which occurs in atherosclerosis and diabetic vasculopathy. We hypothesized that aging would affect the downstream signalling of the endothelial nitric oxide (NO) system in the vascular smooth muscle (VSM). With this in mind, resistance mesenteric arteries were isolated from 13-week (juvenile) and 40-week-old (aged) mice and tested under isometric conditions using wire myography. Acetylcholine (ACh)-induced relaxation was reduced in aged as compared to juvenile vessels. Pretreatment with L-NAME, which inhibits nitrix oxide synthases (NOS), decreased ACh-mediated vasorelaxation, whereby differences in vasorelaxation between groups disappeared. Endothelium-independent vasorelaxation by the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was similar in both groups; however, SNP bolus application (10−6 mol L−1) as well as soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) activation by runcaciguat (10−6 mol L−1) caused faster responses in juvenile vessels. This was accompanied by higher cGMP concentrations and a stronger response to the PDE5 inhibitor sildenafil in juvenile vessels. Mesenteric arteries and aortas did not reveal apparent histological differences between groups (van Gieson staining). The mRNA expression of the α1 and α2 subunits of sGC was lower in aged animals, as was PDE5 mRNA expression. In conclusion, vasorelaxation is compromised at an early age in mice even in the absence of histopathological alterations. Vascular smooth muscle sGC is a key element in aged vessel dysfunction.